Figure 1. Novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease is impacted by multiple risk factors that include elevated serum cholesterol, hypertension, tobacco consumption, and concurrent disorders such as diabetes mellitus that treatment of these cannot completely avert the development of cardiovascular disease. Innovative cellular pathways that involve the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), mammalian forkhead transcription factors (FoxOs), and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) are required to address the underlying critical mechanisms for cardiovascular disease. SIRT1, FoxOs, and AMPK can oversee vital critical pathways for cardiovascular survival that involve nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), oxidative stress, cell senescence, mitochondrial function, trophic factor protection such as with erythropoietin (EPO), infectious agent injury such as with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), and the programmed cell death pathways that include apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis.