TABLE 4.
Knowledge mapping in experimental studies.
| Author/Years | Animal | Dose | Exposure pathway | Exposure period | Time of exposure | Evaluated effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ikonomidou et al. (2000) | Rats Sprague-Dawley | 5 g/kg/day | Subcutaneous | Prenatal (17th and 19th day) and Postnatal (0, 3, 7, 14 and 21th days of life) | 1 day | Blockade of NMDA receptors and excessive activation of GABA receptors, promoting widespread apoptotic degeneration in the developing mouse forebrain |
| Pich et al. (1995) | Rats Wistar | Ad libitum (8.5% v/v) | Orally (ad libitum) | Postnatal ( a ) | 2–3 weeks | Abstinence increased immunoreactivity to the corticotropin-releasing factor |
| Bonthius and West (1990) | Rats Sprague-Dawley | 4.5 g/kg/day and 6.6 g/kg/day | Intragastric | Postnatal (4th days of life) | 6 days | Neuronal loss, with worsening in chronic consumption |
| Crews et al. (2000) | Rats Sprague-Dawley | 9–10 g/kg/day | Intragastric | Postnatal (33rd days of life) | 4 days | Adolescent brain is more sensitive to alcohol-induced damage when compared to adult exposure |
| Alfonso-Loeches et al. (2010) | Rats Wistar (male) and mice C57BL/6 WT (female) and mice KO | 12.8 ± 1.2 g/kg/day | Orally (ad libitum) | Postnatal (7th week of life) | 5 months | Chronic alcohol intake increases microglial reactivity |
| Qin et al. (2008) | Mice C57BL/6J | 5 g/kg/day (25% w/v) | Intraperitoneal | Postnatal ( a ) | 1 and 10 days | Chronic alcohol exposure reduces proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells |
| Nixon and Crews (2002) | Rats Sprague-Dawley (male) | 5 g/kg/day (30% w/v; 1 day) | Intragastric | Postnatal ( a ) | 1 and 4 days | Chronic ethanol binge decreased proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells |
| 9.3 g/kg/day (25% w/v; 4 days) | ||||||
| Roberto et al. (2003) | Rats Sprague-Dawley (male) | a | a | Tonsils collected and evaluated in vitro ( a ) | a | Increased GABAergic transmission in pre- and postsynaptic neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala |
| Roberts et al. (1996) | Rats Sprague-Dawley (male) | a | Orally (ad libitum) e/or inhalation (EtOH vapor) | Postnatal ( a ) | a | Association of GABA receptors to dependence mechanisms |
| Pascual et al. (2007) | Rats Wistar | 3 g/kg/day | Intraperitoneal | Postnatal (25th days of life) | 2 weeks (2-day intermittent exposure and 2-day abstinence) | Intermittent ethanol administration during adolescence increased COX-2 and iNOS levels and neural cell death in several brain regions and caused long-lasting neurobehavioral impairments |
| VanDoren et al. (2000) | Rats Sprague-Dawley (male) | 3.5 g/kg/day (20% v/v) | Intraperitoneal | Postnatal ( a ) | 1 day | Ethanol, in moderate doses, induces a dose- and time-dependent increase in cerebral cortical 3α,5α-THP levels. This increase is associated with the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of ethanol |
| Roberts et al. (2000) | Mice C57BL/6 | a | Orally (ad libitum) (5, 8.5% and 10% v/v) | Postnatal (5 and 6th month of life and 11th month of life animals in final phase) | 40 days | Knockout mice with µ-opioid receptor showed aversion to alcohol |
| Olney et al. (2002) | Mice C57BL/6 | 2.5 g/kg/day | Subcutaneous | Postnatal ( a ) | 1 day | Induces apoptotic neurodegeneration during synaptogenesis |
| Wozniak et al. (2004) | Mice C57BL/6 | 5 g/kg/day | Subcutaneous | Postnatal (60–90th days of life) | Acute effect: euthanized 8–24 h after treatment with alcohol | Exposure on the 7th day after birth induces intense apoptotic neurodegeneration, causing memory and learning impairments |
| Chronic effect: P14, P30, and P90 | ||||||
| Harris et al. (1995) | Mice | 0.02 ml/g of body mass/day (20% m/v) | Intraperitoneal | Postnatal ( a ) | a | Changes in GABA receptors abolished the effects of alcohol exposure |
| Livy et al. (2003) | Rats Sprague-Dawley (female) | 6 g/kg (22.5% p/v) prenatal | Intragastric | Prenatal and postnatal ( a ) | a | Cell numbers were significantly reduced in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus and in the dentate gyrus after exposure to alcohol during the equivalent third trimester |
| 5 g/kg (9.5% p/v) | ||||||
| Postnatal | ||||||
| Herrera et al. (2003) | Rats Sprague-Dawley | 6.4% v/v | a | Postnatal ( a ) | 6 weeks | The effect of ethanol on the survival of newly formed neurons in the adult hippocampus may result in impairment of hippocampus-dependent cognitive functions |
a
Not reported; v/v: weight/volume; v/v: volume/volume.