Table 1.
Tabular information on differentiation protocol for pluripotent stem cells (ESC, iPSC) based RPE derivation.
| Cell type | Differentiation method | Differentiation factors | Differentiation time | Functionality | In vivo transplantation | Route | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hESC | Spontaneous | β-mercaptoethanol, 13% serum replacement (SR) | 6-9 months | CRALBP and BEST staining In vitro phagocytosis |
N/A | N/A | 30 |
| iPSC | Spontaneous | 20% Knock-out serum replacement, β-mercaptoethanol, fibroblast growth factor (zfbFGF). | 18 weeks | PAX6, MITF immunostaining, in vitro phagocytosis Optokinetic |
1 × 105 cells in SCID mice | Subretinally | 35 |
| hESC | Directed, growth factor | 14% KO serum replacement, NIC, Activin A, TGF-β1, SB431542, bFGF, | 6-10 weeks | MiTF-A and RPE65 immunostaining, immunostaining, in vitro phagocytosis | 0.6-1 × 105 cells in RCS rats. | Subretinally | 34 |
| iPSC | Directed, growth factor | Nicotin-amide, Noggin, Dkk-1, IGF-1, bFGF, ActivinA, SU5402, CHIR99021 | 6-8 weeks | PAX6, MITF immunostaining, in vitro phagocytosis | N/A | N/A | 36 |
| iPSC | Directed, growth factor | 5% KOSR, N2, insulin, ITS, b-ME, bFGF, noggin, SB, sonic hedgehog(shh) | 6-8 weeks | PAX6, MITF, RPE65, ZO-1 immunostaining, | N/A | N/A | 22 |
| iPSC | Directed, growth factor | Noggin, Dkk1, IGF1, nicotinamide, 3-aminobenzamide, bFGF, Activin A, SU5402, | 44 days | MITF and ZO-1 immunostaining, rod outer segment phagocytosis | N/A | N/A | 20 |
| iPSC | Directed, growth factor | 5 % foetal bovine serum (FBS), N2, taurine, hydrocortisone, triiodothyronine, IGF1, Dkk1, Noggin, bFGF, B27, | 90 days | MITF, OCC, BEST, and ZO-1 immunostaining, rod outer segment phagocytosis | N/A | N/A | 19 |
| iPSC | Directed, growth factor And small molecules |
20% Knock Out serum replacement, b-mercaptoethanol, LDN-193189, SB-431542, BMP4, Activin A, |
45 | RALBP, ZO-1, and MERT immunostaining | N/A | N/A | 23 |
| iPSC | Directed, growth factor And small molecules |
N2, B27, LDN-193189, SB431452, CKI-7 hydrochloride, and IGF-1, PD0325901, nicotinamide, Activin A, taurine, hydrocortisone, triiodo-thyronin, | 77 days | ZO-1 immunostaining, CRALBP, and BEST1 expression, transepithelial resistance (TER), phagocytosis, VEGF secretion |
Rat and—(100 000 cells) and the iRPE patch (10 000 cells) pig model—(100 000 cells) transplantation |
Subretinally | 18 |
| iPSC | Directed, small molecules | CKI-7, SB-431542, | 60days | MITF, ZO-1 immunostaining | N/A | N/A | 36 |
| iPSC | Directed, small molecules | Chetomin, nicotinamide, B27, KnockOut serum | 35 days | RALBP, RPE65, BEST immunostaining, rod outer segment phagocytosis, VEGF secretion | 5 × 104 cells NOD-SCID | Subretinally | 37 |
| iPSC | Directed, small molecules | IWR1e, CHIR99021 and SAG, fungizone, 20% KSR, 10% FBS, retinoic acid | 60-100 days | CRALBP and BEST1 immunostaining, rod outer segment phagocytosis, PEGF secretion | 1 × 105 in RCS rats | Subretinally | 38 |
| iPSC | Directed, small molecules | PD0325901, PD173074, Y-27632, CKI-7 | 31 days | PAX6 immunostaining, PAX6 and MITF expression | N/A | N/A | 27 |