Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population.
| N | Total | Non-COPD | COPD | Value of p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6,307,576 | 6,293,787 | 13,789 | ||
| Age, years | 30.84 ± 5 | 30.84 ± 5 | 32.6 ± 4.72 | <0.0001 |
| Age groups | <0.0001 | |||
| <30 years | 2,669,087 (42.32) | 2,665,337 (42.35) | 3,750 (27.2) | |
| ≥30 years | 3,638,489 (57.68) | 3,628,450 (57.65) | 10,039 (72.8) | |
| Sex | <0.0001 | |||
| Male | 3,734,883 (59.21) | 3,726,178 (59.2) | 8,705 (63.13) | |
| Female | 2,572,693 (40.79) | 2,567,609 (40.8) | 5,084 (36.87) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.99 ± 3.61 | 22.99 ± 3.61 | 23.17 ± 3.88 | <0.0001 |
| Income, lowest Q1* | 1,367,132 (21.67) | 1,364,211 (21.68) | 2,921 (21.18) | 0.1613 |
| Smoking status | <0.0001 | |||
| Non | 3,485,089 (55.25) | 3,478,462 (55.27) | 6,627 (48.06) | |
| Former | 633,122 (10.04) | 631,586 (10.04) | 1,536 (11.14) | |
| Current | 2,189,365 (34.71) | 2,183,739 (34.7) | 5,626 (40.8) | |
| Alcohol consumption | <0.0001 | |||
| Non | 2,388,341 (37.86) | 2,382,782 (37.86) | 5,559 (40.31) | |
| Mild | 3,364,896 (53.35) | 3,357,914 (53.35) | 6,982 (50.63) | |
| Heavy | 554,339 (8.79) | 553,091 (8.79) | 1,248 (9.05) | |
| Regular exercise | 807,860 (12.81) | 806,090 (12.81) | 1770 (12.84) | 0.92 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 122,207 (1.94) | 121,789 (1.94) | 418 (3.03) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 2,239,408 (35.5) | 2,234,091 (35.5) | 5,317 (38.56) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 433,783 (6.88) | 432,558 (6.87) | 1,225 (8.88) | <0.0001 |
| CKD | 170,405 (2.7) | 170,032 (2.7) | 373 (2.71) | 0.98 |
| Asthma | 182,672 (2.9) | 180,518 (2.87) | 2,154 (15.62) | <0.0001 |
| Pneumonia | 26,548 (0.42) | 26,293 (0.42) | 255 (1.85) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or number (%), unless otherwise indicated. *First quartile of medical insurance premiums and medical aid beneficiaries. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease. CKD was defined by either a record of ICD-10 codes N18–19 or an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation in the health check-up data.