Table 2.
Summary of pooled ASMR per 100,000 population for premature cardiovascular mortality
| Subgroup | Studies (n) | Random effect model ASMR per 100,000 |
95% Confidence interval |
Test for Heterogeneity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 (%) | T2 |
p (Q test) |
||||
| Overall study | 15 | 27.00 | 20.13, 36.21 | 99.00 | 1.21 | 0 |
| CVD types | ||||||
| Total CVDa | 8 | 96.04 | 67.18, 137.31 | 84.00 | 0.33 | < 0.01 |
| IHDb | 4 | 15.57 | 11.27, 21.51 | 92.00 | 0.39 | < 0.01 |
| Strokec | 4 | 12.36 | 8.09, 18.91 | 97.00 | 0.29 | < 0.01 |
| Other typesd | 3 | 19.79 | 8.41, 46.58 | 100.00 | 2.11 | 0 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 10 | 37.50 | 23.69, 59.37 | 96.00 | 0.97 | < 0.01 |
| Female | 10 | 15.75 | 9.61, 25.81 | 99.00 | 1.32 | 0 |
| Country income levele | ||||||
| HICs | 10 | 21.42 | 15.63, 29.37 | 99.00 | 1.16 | 0 |
| MICs | 6 | 90.58 | 56.40, 145.48 | 77.00 | 0.31 | < 0.01 |
| Time study (year) | ||||||
| 1990–1999 | 4 | 16.35 | 8.35, 32.02 | 96.00 | 0.77 | < 0.01 |
| 2000–2009 | 5 | 63.84 | 35.34, 115.31 | 98.00 | 1.27 | < 0.01 |
| 2010–2019 | 10 | 19.93 | 13.56, 29.30 | 99.00 | 0.97 | 0 |
ASMR age-standardized mortality rate, I2 I statistics, T2 Tau statistics, Q test Cochran's Q test, p p-value
aTotal CVD death was based on ICD -10 code: I00-I99 or ICD-9 codes: 350–459
bIschemic heart disease (IHD) death based on ICD-10 (I20-I25) or ICD-9 (410–414)
cCerebrovascular disease or stroke death based on ICD-10 (I60-I69) or ICD-9 (430–438)
dOther types of CVD death including heart disease (ICD-10: I00-I09, I11, I13, I20- I51), heart failure (ICD-10: I50) and cardiac death ICD-10 (I21, I25, I40, I34, I35, I42, I45-I49, R96, Q20-Q24, Q87)
eAccording to World Bank’s classification. HICs = high income countries, MICs = middle-income countries (including upper middle-income countries and low middle-income countries)