Dual-functional antibiotics possessing antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Antibiotic class	Antibiotics	Antibacterial activity spectrum	Immunomodulatory activity	Ref.
Macrolides	Azithromycin (1)	Gram-positive and Gram-negative	Lowers IL-1β, IL-8, NF-κB, IL-10, MMP-9	26–28
	Clarithromycin (2)	Gram-positive and Gram-negative	Lowers TNF-α. Restores the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio	31
Tetracyclines	Tetracycline (3)	Gram-positive and Gram-negative	Prevents IL-1β and IL-18 release. Inhibits MMP-2 and MMP-9	34 and 35
	Doxycycline (4)	Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria	Lowers TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10	36 and 37
	Tetracycline 3 (5)	Gram-positive	Lowers TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10	36–38
Oxazolidinones	Linezolid (6)	Gram-positive	Lowers TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, MIP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-5	40–46
Fluoroquinolones	Moxifloxacin (7)	Gram-positive and Gram-negative	Lowers KC, IL-1β, and IL-17A	48–51 and 53
	Ciprofloxacin (8)	Gram-positive and Gram-negative	Lowers TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL2/MIP-2	49 and 50
	Levofloxacin (9)	Gram-positive and Gram-negative	Reduces ROS, NOX	49 and 52
Glycopeptides	Vancomycin (10)	Gram-positive	Lowers IL-1β	42
Polymyxins	Colistin (11)	Gram-negative	Lowers TNF-α, IL-1β	57–60