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. 2023 Aug 1;11:1192183. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1192183

Table 2.

Distribution of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among individuals aged 15 years and older in Bhutan, 2007, 2014, and 2019 (weighted %).

Study year p value
Non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors 2007 2014 2019
N (%) N (%) N (%)
All
Fruit and vegetable intake (<5 servings/day) 1,262 (64.3) 1,619 (66.9) 4,317 (86.6) <0.001
Low physical activity 1,178 (58.4) 325 (11.9) 597 (11.4) <0.001
Current tobacco use 711 (43.2) 480 (24.8) 979 (23.4) <0.001
Problem alcohol use 66 (3.1) 305 (12.8) 422 (8.1) <0.001
General obesity (≥25 kg/m2) 1,029 (52.4) 903 (32.9) 2,562 (43.1) <0.001
Hypertension 603 (26.0) 909 (35.7) 1,620 (27.0) 0.139
Diabetes 197 (8.4) 66 (2.3) 163 (2.6) <0.001
Elevated total cholesterol 863 (44.2) 307 (12.5) 635 (9.9) <0.001
3–8 NCD risk factors 1,275 (62.8) 780 (30.4) 1914 (32.6) <0.001
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD)
Total NCD risk factors 3.0 (1.4) 2.0 (1.2) 2.1 (1.2) <0.001
Male subjects
Fruit/vegetable intake (<5 servings/day) 543 (62.1) 605 (66.0) 1,629 (86.6) <0.001
Low physical activity 450 (50.8) 85 (8.2) 219 (10.9) <0.001
Current tobacco use 324 (39.9) 286 (32.4) 587 (32.2) <0.001
Problem alcohol use 37 (3.5) 166 (5.6) 239 (10.9) <0.001
General overweight/obesity (≥25 kg/m2) 470 (52.4) 269 (26.7) 860 (38.9) <0.001
Hypertension 27 (28.0) 353 (35.1) 73 (30.3) 0.108
Diabetes 89 (8.3) 25 (2.2) 62 (2.7) <0.001
Elevated total cholesterol 382 (44.3) 120 (11.9) 203 (9.2) <0.001
3–8 NCD risk factors 543 (59.8) 304 (30.8) 807 (35.3) <0.001
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD)
Total NCD risk factors 2.9 (1.4) 2.0 (1.2) 2.2 (1.2) <0.001
Female subjects
Fruit/vegetable intake (<5 servings/day) 719 (67.3) 1,014 (70.4) 2,688 (86.8) <0.001
Low physical activity 728 (69.8) 240 (16.8) 378 (12.3) <0.001
Current tobacco use 387 (38.2) 194 (14.3) 392 (11.3) <0.001
Problem alcohol use 29 (2.1) 139 (9.5) 183 (4.4) <0.001
General overweight/obesity (≥25 kg/m2) 559 (53.6) 634 (39.8) 1702 (49.3) <0.001
Hypertension 316 (22.9) 556 (35.2) 882 (23.1) 0.002
Diabetes 108 (8.5) 41 (2.3) 101 (2.6) <0.001
Elevated total cholesterol 481 (41.1) 187 (11.9) 432 (11.0) <0.001
3–8 NCD risk factors 732 (66.4) 476 (29.9) 1,107 (29.3) <0.001
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD)
Total NCD risk factors 2.9 (1.4) 2.0 (1.2) 2.2 (1.2) <0.001