Table 2.
Distribution of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among individuals aged 15 years and older in Bhutan, 2007, 2014, and 2019 (weighted %).
| Study year | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors | 2007 | 2014 | 2019 | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| All | ||||
| Fruit and vegetable intake (<5 servings/day) | 1,262 (64.3) | 1,619 (66.9) | 4,317 (86.6) | <0.001 |
| Low physical activity | 1,178 (58.4) | 325 (11.9) | 597 (11.4) | <0.001 |
| Current tobacco use | 711 (43.2) | 480 (24.8) | 979 (23.4) | <0.001 |
| Problem alcohol use | 66 (3.1) | 305 (12.8) | 422 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| General obesity (≥25 kg/m2) | 1,029 (52.4) | 903 (32.9) | 2,562 (43.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 603 (26.0) | 909 (35.7) | 1,620 (27.0) | 0.139 |
| Diabetes | 197 (8.4) | 66 (2.3) | 163 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Elevated total cholesterol | 863 (44.2) | 307 (12.5) | 635 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| 3–8 NCD risk factors | 1,275 (62.8) | 780 (30.4) | 1914 (32.6) | <0.001 |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
| Total NCD risk factors | 3.0 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Male subjects | ||||
| Fruit/vegetable intake (<5 servings/day) | 543 (62.1) | 605 (66.0) | 1,629 (86.6) | <0.001 |
| Low physical activity | 450 (50.8) | 85 (8.2) | 219 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Current tobacco use | 324 (39.9) | 286 (32.4) | 587 (32.2) | <0.001 |
| Problem alcohol use | 37 (3.5) | 166 (5.6) | 239 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| General overweight/obesity (≥25 kg/m2) | 470 (52.4) | 269 (26.7) | 860 (38.9) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 27 (28.0) | 353 (35.1) | 73 (30.3) | 0.108 |
| Diabetes | 89 (8.3) | 25 (2.2) | 62 (2.7) | <0.001 |
| Elevated total cholesterol | 382 (44.3) | 120 (11.9) | 203 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| 3–8 NCD risk factors | 543 (59.8) | 304 (30.8) | 807 (35.3) | <0.001 |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
| Total NCD risk factors | 2.9 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Female subjects | ||||
| Fruit/vegetable intake (<5 servings/day) | 719 (67.3) | 1,014 (70.4) | 2,688 (86.8) | <0.001 |
| Low physical activity | 728 (69.8) | 240 (16.8) | 378 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| Current tobacco use | 387 (38.2) | 194 (14.3) | 392 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| Problem alcohol use | 29 (2.1) | 139 (9.5) | 183 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| General overweight/obesity (≥25 kg/m2) | 559 (53.6) | 634 (39.8) | 1702 (49.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 316 (22.9) | 556 (35.2) | 882 (23.1) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes | 108 (8.5) | 41 (2.3) | 101 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Elevated total cholesterol | 481 (41.1) | 187 (11.9) | 432 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| 3–8 NCD risk factors | 732 (66.4) | 476 (29.9) | 1,107 (29.3) | <0.001 |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
| Total NCD risk factors | 2.9 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.2) | <0.001 |