. 2023 Aug 1;11:1192183. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1192183

Table 3.

Determinants of behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases.

Variable	Inadequate fruit/vegetable intake	Low physical activity	Current tobacco use	Problem alcohol use
	AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Study year
2007	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
2014	1.37 (1.04, 1.82)^*	0.10 (0.07, 0.12)^***	0.37 (0.28, 0.48)^***	4.41 (3.06, 6.37)^***
2019	3.54 (2.63, 4.77)^***	0.09 (0.06, 0.12)^***	0.39 (0.30, 0.52)^***	4.10 (2.96, 5.69)^***
Age (years)
15–34	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
35–49	0.88 (0.73, 1.06)	0.95 (0.75, 1.20)	0.87 (0.72, 1.06)	1.70 (1.29, 2.25)^***
50–74	1.00 (0.79, 1.27)	1.22 (0.95, 1.55)	0.82 (0.65, 1.02)	1.90 (1.50, 2.50)^***
Sex
Female subjects	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Male subjects	0.98 (0.82, 1.18)	0.60 (0.48, 0.70)^***	3.31 (2.83, 3.89)^***	2.06 (1.65, 2.55)^***
Education (in years)
0	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
1–10	0.91 (0.73, 1.13)	1.39 (1.13. 1.71)^**	1.21 (0.99, 1.48)	0.74 (0.56, 0.99)^*
≥11	0.82 (0.61, 1.11)	1.90 (1.31, 2.74)^***	0.97 (0.74, 1.28)	0.64 (0.44, 0.92)^*
Employment
Non-employed	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Employed	0.67 (0.56, 0.80)^***	1.07 (0.84, 1.37)	1.31 (1.01, 1.69)^*	1.52 (1.15, 2.01)^**
Adult household members
0–2	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
3	1.15 (0.91, 1.96)	0.77 (0.58, 1.02)	0.93 (0.75, 1.14)	0.76 (0.58, 0.99)^*
4 or more	1.24 (0.94, 1.64)	0.96 (0.78, 1.19)	1.00 (0.80, 1.24)	0.84 (0.67, 1.07)
Residence
Rural	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Urban	1.13 (0.82, 1.57)	1.17 (0.83, 1.64)	1.12 (0.85, 1.47)	1.20 (0.92, 1.56)

^***p < 0.001; ^**p < 0.01; ^*p < 0.05.