Table 4.
Determinants of biological risk factors for non-communicable diseases.
| Variable | General obesity | Hypertension | Diabetes | Elevated total cholesterol |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Study year | ||||
| 2007 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| 2014 | 0.37 (0.30, 0.46)*** | 1.72 (1.42, 2.09)*** | 0.28 (0.19, 0.41)*** | 0.17 (0.14, 0.21)*** |
| 2019 | 0.77 (0.65, 0.90)** | 1.48 (1.24, 1.76)*** | 0.39 (0.25, 0.62)*** | 0.14 (0.11, 0.17)*** |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15–34 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| 35–49 | 2.32 (1.98, 2.73)*** | 3.16 (2.69, 3.71)*** | 5.76 (2.85, 11.65)*** | 2.02 (1.51, 2.70)*** |
| 50–74 | 2.09 (1.72, 2.56)*** | 5.62 (4.51, 7.01)*** | 14.34 (6.71, 30.65)*** | 2.92 (2.13, 3.99)*** |
| Sex | ||||
| Female subjects | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Male subjects | 0.54 (0.47, 0.61)*** | 1.18 (1.01, 1.38)* | 0.73 (0.52, 1.04) | 0.78 (0.63, 0.96)* |
| Education (in years) | ||||
| 0 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| 1–10 | 1.08 (0.93, 1.25) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.10) | 1.88 (1.23, 2.88)** | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) |
| ≥11 | 1.25 (1.01, 1.54)* | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 1.82 (0.92, 3.60) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.34) |
| Employment | ||||
| Non-employed | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Employed | 1.52 (1.26, 1.83)*** | 1.37 (1.14, 1.64)*** | 1.19 (0.76, 1.87) | 1.10 (0.86, 1.40) |
| Adult household members | ||||
| 0–2 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| 3 | 0.89 (0.75, 106) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.37) | 1.02 (0.81, 1.21) |
| 4 or more | 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.13) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.19) | 1.02 (0.80. 1.31) |
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Urban | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | 1.09 (0.61, 1.94) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.07) |
***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.