TABLE 4.

Operative Outcomes (Adjusted Difference With 95% CI)

	With ESSQS(n = 2644)	Without ESSQS(n = 544)	P
Operative time (min)	–16.1 (–20.5, –11.7)	0	<0.001
Blood loss (mL)	–10.0 (–21.4, 1.4)	0	0.08
Postoperative hospital stay (d)	–0.91 (–1.22, –0.21)	0	0.01
Number of harvested lymph nodes	1.29 (0.78, 1.81)	0	<0.001

Each difference was adjusted considering the following clinical and surgical features: sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, presence of obstructive pathology, cT, cN, and clinical stage, location of the tumor, type of preoperative therapy, procedures, combined resections of surrounding organs, lymph node dissection, lateral pelvic node dissection, high ligations of the inferior mesenteric artery, mobilization of the splenic flexure, a diverting stoma, and the type and volume of the institution.

CI, confidence interval; ESSQS, intervention by surgeons qualified by the Endoscopic Surgical Skill Qualification System.