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. 2023 Aug 16;131(8):087008. doi: 10.1289/EHP12016

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EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted.

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Figure 1A is a set of two error bar graphs, plotting mean difference in cognitive test score, ranging from negative 2 to 3 in unit increments and negative 2 to 4 in increments of 2 (y-axis) across neurotoxic metal, including Arsenic; Barium; Cadmium; Cesium; Mercury; Lead; and Nutrient, including Copper, Folate, Magnesium; Manganese; Selenium; Vitamin B 12, Zinc (x-axis) for outcome, including overall visual motor (Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities summary), visual motor (Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities), Fine motor (Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities), and visual spatial (Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities). Figure 1B is a set of two error bar graphs, plotting mean difference in cognitive test score, ranging from negative 1 to 3 in unit increments and 0 to 6 in increments of 2 (y-axis) across neurotoxic metal, including Arsenic; Barium; Cadmium; Cesium; Mercury; Lead; and Nutrient, including Copper, Folate, Magnesium; Manganese; Selenium; Vitamin B 12, Zinc (x-axis) for outcome, including receptive vocabulary (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, third edition). — Multivariable linear regression estimates (black shapes) and 95% CIs (colored bars) of adjusted mean difference in early childhood ( $approximately 3$ y) cognitive test scores assessing (A) visual-motor ability (WRAVMA) or (B) receptive vocabulary (PPVT-III) associated with a doubling in maternal first-trimester ( $approximately 10$ weeks) blood concentration of individual metals or nutrients. The analytic sample for these early childhood cognition analyses included $lowercase italic n equals 834$ mother–child pairs from the Project Viva cohort in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Metals were measured in erythrocytes, and vitamin B12 and folate were measured in plasma. Models adjusted for maternal PPVT-III score at early childhood visit, prepregnancy body mass index, first-trimester fish consumption, education, self-reported race/ethnicity, age at enrollment, smoking, annual household income, and child sex. Models were not adjusted for coexposure to other metals or micronutrients because of collinearity and for comparability with previous studies. Corresponding numeric estimates are provided in Table S3. Note: As, arsenic; Ba, barium; Cd, cadmium; CI, confidence interval; Cs, cesium; Cu, copper; Hg, mercury; Mg, magnesium; Mn, manganese; Pb, lead; PPVT-III, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 3rd edition; Se, selenium; WRAVMA, Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities; Zn, zinc.