Table 3.
Opportunities and potential application of AI models in the optimization of fucoxanthin extraction process.
| Model | Carotenoid source | Extraction method | Variable range | Optimum conditions | Optimised response conditions | Statistical validation & results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RSM with CCD | Fucoxanthin from Irish seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) | SE using acetone | Time (30–70 min), temperature (30–70°C), solvent pH (5.0–9.0), acetone percentage (30–70%) | Incubating temperature at 40°C for 40 min, pH 6.0, 60% acetone | Incubating temperature at 30°C for 36.51 min, pH 5.7, 62.15% acetone | Before optimized yield = 0.696 ± 0.02 mg/g (dm) After optimized R2 = 93.3%, yield = 0.745 mg/g (dm) |
[77] |
| RSM | Fucoxanthin from Irish brown seaweeds | EAE | Seaweed: water ratio (0.1–50.0%), enzyme: water ratio (0.1–50.0), enzyme incubation time (0.1–24.0 h) | - | Seaweed: water ratio of 5.37%, enzyme: water ratio of .52%, enzyme incubation time of 3.05 h | Before optimized yield = 0.657 mg/g DW After optimized R2 = 91.16%, yield = 0.706 mg/g DW |
[78] |
| RSM with CCD | Fucoxanthin from brown macroalgae (Sargassum muticum) | UAE | Ethanol concentration (S, 35–100%), time (t, 5–55 min), power (p, 100–500 W) | t-value of 45.00 ± 3.35 min, s-value of 37.50 ± 3.06%, p-value of 409.46 ± 1.12 W | t-value of 45.00 ± 3.35 min, s-value of 84.22 ± 4.9%, p-value of 339.73 ± 9.22 W, | Before optimized R2 = 96.5%, yield = 29.98 ± 1.03 g/100 g DW After optimized R2 = 81.99%, yield = 93.00 ± 0.10 g/100 g DW |
[79] |
| RSM with CCD | Fucoxanthin from brown algae (Sargassum fusiforme) | UAE | Liquid/solid ratio (10–60 mL/g), time (10–35 min), temperature (55–75°C), amplitude (20–70%) |
Liquid/solid ratio of 40 mL/g, time of 25 min, temperature of 75°C, amplitude of 5.00% | Liquid/solid ratio of40 mL/g, time of 27 min, temperature of 75°C, amplitude of 53.00% 40 mL/g, time of 27 min, temperature of 75°C, amplitude of 53.00% |
Before optimized yield = 662.51 µg/g After optimized R2 = 99.08%, yield = 696.85 ± 2.84 µg/g |
[80] |
| RSM with BBD | Fucoxanthin from brown, red, and green macroalgae (Fucus virsoides, Amphiroa rigida, Codium bursa) | UAE | Temperature (T, 30–70°C), extraction time (t, 15–45 min), solvent: solid ratio (S, 10–30 mL/g) | - | A.rigida with (T-value of 70°C, t-value of 29.88 min, S-value of 19.63 mL/g), F.virsoides with (T-value of 31.13°C, t-value of 15.06 min, S-value of 1.05 mL/g), C. bursa with (T-value of 3.29°C, t-value of 15.06 min, S-value of 15.17 mL/g), | Before optimized yield (A. rigida) = 0.66 mg/g, yield (F. virsoides) = 1.00 mg/g, yield (C. bursa) = 1.00 mg/g After optimized Standard deviation = ± 10% yield (A. rigida) = 0.69 mg/g, yield (F. virsoides) = 1.90 mg/g, yield (C. bursa) = 0.45 mg/g |
[81] |
| Hybrid RSM-ANN-GA | Flavonoids from Juglans mandshurica Maxim. | UAE | Ethanol concentration (E, 30–80%), ultrasonic power (P, 125–250 W), extraction temperature (T, 30–80°C), solid: liquid ratio (S, 1–35 g/mL), extraction time (t, 20–70 min), extraction times (Et, 1–5) | E-value of 60%, P-value of 225 W, T-value of 60°C, S-value of 1:20 g/mL, t-value of 40 min, Et-value of 1 | E-value of 62%, P-value of 228 W, T-value of 60°C, S-value of 1:20 g/mL, t-value of 40 min, Et-value of 1 | Before optimized R2 = 97.00%, yield = 6.16 mg/g After optimized R2 = 98.28%, yield = 6.28 mg/g |
[62] |
| RSM, ANN & MLR | Polyphenols from sunflower & corn oils | UAE | Olive oil content (C, 2000–6000 ppm), time (t, 15–45 min), amplitude (P, 20–30%) | RSM sunflower oil with (C-value of 6000 ppm, t-value of 15 min, P-value of 30%), RSMcorn oil with (C-value of 6000 ppm, t-value of 15 min, P-value of 20) | - | Before optimized yieldsunflower oil (RSM) = 43.33 ppm, yieldcorn oil (RSM) = 30.02 After optimized R2sunflower oil (ANN) = 85.00%, R2corn oil (ANN) = 88.00%, R2sunflower oil (MLR) = 51.00%, R2corn oil (MLR) = 66.00%, yieldsunflower oil (ANN) = 42.44 ppm, yieldsunflower oil (MLR) = 45.38 ppm, yieldcorn oil (ANN) = 28.45 ppm, yieldcorn oil (MLR) = 27.13 ppm |
[63] |
| RSM & ANN-GA | Phenolic compound (punicalagin) from pomegranate (Punica granatum) | UAE | Solvent volume (S, 20–60 mL), Amplitude (P, 20–70), time (t, 5–25 min), duty cycle (d, 60–100%) | RSM with (S-value of 30 mL, P-value of 50%, t-value of 15 min, d-value of 80%) | ANN-GA with (S-value of 30 mL, P-value of 35%, t-value of 23 min, d-value of 100%), | Before optimized yield (RSM)= 168.70 mg/g After optimized R2 = 99.60%, Yield (ANN-GA) = 179.89 mg/g |
[64] |
| RSM & ANN-GA | Total antioxidants from cashew apple bagasse (CAB) | UAE | Time of extraction (t, 5–15 min), ultrasonic amplitude (P, 30–60%), CAB: solvent ratio (S, 30–50 g/mL) | RSM with (t-value of 15 min, P-value of 58%, S-value of 1:45 g/mL) | ANN-GA with (t-value of 15 min, P-value of 53%, S-value of 1:38 g/mL) | Before optimized R2 = 93.20%, yield (RSM)= 90.98% After optimized R2 = 99.60%, Yield (ANN-GA) = 94.97% |
[65] |
| RSM & ANN | Total phenolic content (TPC) from jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) | UAE | Time of extraction (t, 2–10 min), ultrasonic amplitude (P, 40–80%) | RSM with (t-value of 6.0 min, P-value of 60%) | ANN with (t-value of 6.2 min, P-value of 6.6%) | Before optimized R2 = 98.10%, yield (RSM)= 58.94 mg GAE/100 mL After optimized R2 = 98.90%, Yield (ANN) = 58.99 mg GAE/100 mL |
[66] |