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. 2023 Aug 15;20(1):588–602. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2244791

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 4. — mRNA-based miRNA sensors.

(A) MicroRNA (miRNA) usually binds to target sequences in the 3’-UTR of target mRNAs with imperfect miRNA – mRNA complementarity (top). miRNA-loaded RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) recognizes target mRNAs and represses their translation. For miRNA switches, target sequences complementary to miRNAs are inserted into the 5’-UTR (bottom). CDS: coding sequence.

(B) Distinguishing different cell types based on miRNA activities. (C) Schematic illustration of miRNA-responsive ON-type switches. (D) Combinatorial use of miRNA-responsive OFF-type switch and ON-type switch for efficient elimination of undesired cells. (E) IsomiRs and modifications in miRNA diversify the regulatory roles of miRNAs. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between these alterations, cellular identity, and diseases.