Table 3.
Proposed minimal frequency of clinical, biochemical, and radiological assessment (in months) of CKD-MBD in infants by CKD stage and age
| Mild CKD | Moderate CKD | Severe CKD and dialysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 0–1 years | Anthropometry and clinical evaluation | 1–3 | 0.5–2 | 0.25–1 |
| Biochemicals (Ca, P, bicarbonate, PTH, ALP) | 3–6 | 1–3 | 0.25–1 | |
| Biochemicals (25OH) | 6 | 3–6 | 3 | |
| X-raysa | Only in case of clinical signs | Only in case of clinical signs | Only in case of clinical signs | |
| Age 1–2 years | Anthropometry and clinical evaluation | 3–6 | 1–3 | 0.5–2 |
| Biochemicals (Ca, P, bicarbonate, PTH) | 3–6 | 1–3 | 0.5–1 | |
| Biochemicals (25OH) | 6–12 | 3–6 | 3 | |
| X-raysa | Only in case of clinical signs | Only in case of clinical signs | Only in case of clinical signs | |
The clinical and nutritional assessment may even be more frequent if needed, especially in the youngest infants and in those with kidney failure. aWe suggest plain X-rays of areas of rapid growth such as wrist, knee, and ankle in infants with clinical or biochemical features of rickets, gait abnormalities, limping, bone pain, and suspected atraumatic fractures