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. 2023 Jun 29;17(9):1495–1503. doi: 10.1038/s41396-023-01465-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A Estimated total abundance (CFU/ml) in five replicated microcosms in each treatment (with/without a resistance plasmid carried by E. coli, and with/without antibiotic treatment with piperacillin+tazobactam). B Principal component analysis of community structure in the different treatments; input variables are absolute abundances of the six species in each microcosm. C Community structure in different treatments; estimated relative abundances of each species in five replicate microcosms in each treatment. In treatments with plasmids, the plasmid was carried by E. coli and each microcosm contained only one E. coli strain (either with plasmid or without depending on the treatment).