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. 2023 Aug 16;13:13289. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40102-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Timeline of data collection for this longitudinal study. Remote stool collection began in December 2018 when the first infants turned 12 months old. The COVID-19 pandemic began in March 2020, with New York State Executive Order 202.8 going into effect on March 22, 2020. Remote stool collection continued throughout the pandemic, and ended in December 2020 when the last infant in the study turned 12 months.