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. 2023 Aug 16;13:13289. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40102-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Chao1 diversity was significantly lower in the pandemic group. Infants sampled during the pandemic (N = 20; orange box plot and dots) had significantly lower alpha diversity, measured via the Chao1 index, than infants sampled before the pandemic (N = 34; green box plot and dots). Dots have been jittered along the x-axis to increase visibility of individual data points. Boxplot represents the median (line in the middle of the box), upper 25% quantile (top of the box), lower 25% quantile (bottom of the box), upper 25% quantile minus 1.5 times the interquartile range (upper whisker), and lower 25% quantile minus 1.5 times the interquartile range (lower whisker) Chao1 diversity values.