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. 2023 Aug 16;14:4787. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40316-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Sex-specific growth and maturation of chum salmon populations to climate regime shift (represented through an oscillating graph). b Sex-specific growth and maturation of Arctic wolf spiders to earlier snowmelt (represented through a melting snowflake). Sex-specific thermal performance of copepods (c) and flying foxes (d) in response to thermal extremes (represented through a thermometer). e Sex-specific negative energy balance in female Pacific walruses (represented through a low battery over a full black silhouette with a red outline) resulting from increased time active in water for foraging and sustaining lactation (a baby walrus with a milk bottle) in response to climate-induced sea-ice reduction (a melting snowflake). f Sex-specific foraging strategy of caribou facing climate-induced snow cover reduction (represented through a melting snowflake), with females migrating northward toward high-quality feed (a red North sign with a red leaf) and consequently facing higher predation (a red wolf) to sustain lactation (a baby caribou with a milk bottle). g Sex-specific effects of fisheries and climate on the demography of sexually dimorphic birds, with males more sensitive to land-based carrions (represented through bones), and females more sensitive to increases in fishing effort (a fishing boat), variation in oceanographic conditions (an oscillating graph) and sea-ice concentration (a melting snowflake). h Sex ratio of the hatchlings (eggs represented through oval shapes) altered by temperature change in reptiles. i High temperature-induced sex reversal in amphibians. j Shift in the timing of sex change in protandrous hermaphroditic shrimp induced by ocean acidification. In the panels, pre-existing conditions or processes not altered by climate change are represented through full black silhouettes and icons. Climate-induced sex-specific changes in species or in conditions encountered by species are represented through red icons, arrows, or letters. T_w = temperature increase, t_AS = age at spawning, t_M = age at maturity, t_F = time spent foraging, t_SC = time for sex change. Details are reported in Supplementary Table 1. Icons for copepods (author: Phạm Thanh Lộc) and sea turtles (author: Bakunetsu Kaito) were modified from thenounproject.com.