Fig. 5.

Metformin promotes HIF-1α expression by inhibiting YAP1/TAZ expression during osteoporotic fracture healing. a Representative HIF-1α and Emcn coimmunostaining images (left) with quantification (right) of the HIF-1α mean intensity in calluses from the osteoporotic mice treated with PBS, Met, PTH, and ALN at 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-fracture. ca: callus. The dotted line represents the boundary of the callus. Met metformin, ALN alendronate, PTH parathyroid hormone. Scale bar: 100 μm. n = 5 per group. b Representative YAP1 and Emcn coimmunostaining images (left) with quantification (right) of the YAP1 mean intensity in calluses from the osteoporotic mice at 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-fracture. Scale bar: 100 μm. n = 5 per group. c Representative TAZ and Emcn coimmunostaining images (left) with quantification (right) of the TAZ mean intensity in calluses from the osteoporotic mice at 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-fracture. Scale bar: 100 μm. n = 5 per group. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, and ^***P < 0.001