Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline characteristics of the Control and Intervention groups.
| Overall | Control | Intervention | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 29 | 19 | 10 | |
| Age - years (mean (SD)) | 64.2 (13.4) | 64.5 (12.0) | 63.7 (16.4) | 0.878 |
| Ejection fraction baseline - % (mean (SD)) | 28.1 (9.5) | 26.05 (8.7) | 32.0 (10.3) | 0.112 |
| Admission BNP - pg/mL (mean (SD)) | 2095 (1391) | 1997 (1296) | 2279 (1613) | 0.613 |
| Admission weight - kg (mean (SD)) | 93.7 (24.7) | 91.2 (21.3) | 98.3 (30.9) | 0.471 |
| Baseline Creatinine - mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 1.24 (0.54) | 1.26 (0.57) | 1.20 (0.52) | 0.801 |
| Albumin on admit - g/dL (mean (SD)) | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.4) | 3.2 (0.6) | 0.239 |
| Oxygen on admit - L (mean (SD)) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.084 |
| Sodium admit - mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 136 (4.8) | 136 (3.6) | 136 (6.9) | 0.899 |
| Potassium admit - mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 4.1 (0.5) | 4.1 (0.5) | 4.2 (0.3) | 0.467 |
| Chloride admit - mEq/L (mean (SD)) | 101.9 (5.0) | 102.1 (4.0) | 101.5 (6.8) | 0.783 |
| BUN admit - mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 29.5 (21.3) | 32.2 (24.1) | 24.4 (14.3) | 0.360 |
| Creatinine admit - mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 1.47 (0.81) | 1.60 (0.89) | 1.25 (0.60) | 0.277 |
| Magnesium admit - mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 1.9 (0.3) | 2.0 (0.3) | 1.7 (0.2) | 0.024 |
| Phosphorus admit - mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 3.8 (0.7) | 3.7 (0.8) | 3.8 (0.3) | 0.771 |
| Admit SBP - mmHg (mean (SD)) | 135 (27) | 132 (29) | 142 (23) | 0.353 |
| Admit DBP - mmHg (mean (SD)) | 85 (20) | 86 (23) | 82 (15) | 0.678 |
| Admit MAP - mmHg (mean (SD)) | 101 (21) | 101 (23) | 102 (15) | 0.891 |
| Females (n (%)) | 7 (24.1) | 4 (21.1) | 3 (30.0) | 0.665 |
| Black race (n (%)) | 22 (75.9) | 13 (68.4) | 9 (90.0) | 0.367 |
| Heart failure etiology (n (%)) | 0.441 | |||
| unknown | 2 (6.9) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| ischemic | 9 (31.0) | 7 (36.8) | 2 (20.0) | |
| non-ischemic | 17 (58.6) | 9 (47.4) | 8 (80.0) | |
| other | 1 (3.4) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| NYHA class on admit (n (%)) | 0.126 | |||
| 2 | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (20.0) | |
| 3 | 9 (31.0) | 7 (36.8) | 2 (20.0) | |
| 4 | 18 (62.1) | 12 (63.2) | 6 (60.0) | |
| Valvular disease history (n (%)) | 12 (41.4) | 9 (47.4) | 3 (30.0) | 0.449 |
| Mitral Regurgitation | 9 (31.0) | 6 (31.6) | 3 (30.0) | 1 |
| Tricuspid Regurgitation | 7 (24.1) | 7 (36.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.063 |
| Aortic Regurgitation | 2 (6.9) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (10.0) | |
| Aortic Insufficiency | 2 (6.9) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (10.0) | |
| Arrhythmia history (n (%)) | 12 (41.4) | 8 (42.1) | 4 (40.0) | 1 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n (%)) | 17 (58.6) | 12 (63.2) | 5 (50.0) | 0.694 |
| Hypertension (n (%)) | 20 (69.0) | 13 (68.4) | 7 (70.0) | 1 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea (n (%)) | 2 (6.9) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.532 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n (%)) | 8 (27.6) | 6 (31.6) | 2 (20.0) | 0.675 |
| Coronary artery disease (n (%) | 11 (37.9) | 8 (42.1) | 3 (30.0) | 0.694 |
| Chronic kidney disease (n (%)) | 14 (48.3) | 10 (52.6) | 4 (40.0) | 0.701 |
| Chronic kidney disease stage (n (%)) | ||||
| ≤1 | 15 (51.7) | 9 (47.4) | 6 (60.0) | |
| 2 | 4 (13.8) | 3 (15.8) | 1 (10.0) | |
| 3 | 6 (20.7) | 4 (21.1) | 2 (20.0) | |
| 4 | 4 (13.8) | 3 (15.8) | 1 (10.0) | |
| Degree edema on admit (n (%)) | 0.171 | |||
| 1+ | 6 (20.7) | 4 (21.1) | 2 (20.0) | |
| 2+ | 6 (20.7) | 6 (31.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 3+ | 14 (48.3) | 8 (42.1) | 6 (60.0) | |
| 4+ | 3 (10.3) | 1 (5.3) | 2 (20.0) |
BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; on admit: on admission to the hospital; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; mg: milligram; dL: deciliter; L: liter; mEq: milliequivalent.
Bolded p-values indicate statistically significant values < 0.05.