Table 1.

List of biosensors for identifying respiratory infection biomarkers.

Disease	Biosensor	Target	Probe	Material	Limit of detection	References
Pneumonia	Colorimetric assay	DNA	DNA	Gold	1 pM	[27]
Pneumonia	DLS	Procalcitonin	Antibody	Magnetic	0.03 pg/mL	[30]
Pneumonia	Colorimetric assay	S. aureus	Peptide	Gold and magnets	7 CFU/mL	[32]
Influenza	LFA	Influenza virus	Aptamer and antibody	Gold	2 × 106 virus particles	[65]
Influenza	Impedance sensor	Matrix protein	Antibody	Diamond	1 pg/mL	[34]
Influenza A	Waveguide mode sensor	Influenza A virus	Aptamer	Gold	8 × 103 PFU/mL	[41]
Influenza	LFA	Capsid protein	Antibody	Gold	1:10,000 dilution	[66]
Influenza A	LOOP	cDNA	DNA	–	–	[67]
Influenza B	SPR	Influenza B virus	Aptamer	Silica	7 ng/mL	[38]
SARS CoV-19	Electrochemical sensor	Spike protein	Antibody	Gold	1 pg/mL	[68]
SARS-CoV-2	FET sensor	Spike protein	Antibody	Graphene	1.6 × 101 PFU/mL	[50]
COVID-19	Impedance spectroscopy	Spike protein	Antibody	Diamond	189 fM	[49]
RSV	Cyclic voltammetry	F protein	Antibody	Gold	1.1 × 103 PFU/mL	[60]
RSV	Cyclic voltammetry	F protein	Antibody	Glossy carbon	2.85 × 106 PFU/mL	[60]
RSV	Fluorescence	DNA	DNA	Gold	11.9 PFU	[62]
RSV	CARD	RSV	Antibody	Gold	0.01 pg/mL	[63]
Salmonella	CRISPR	DNA	DNA	Gold	1 CFU/mL	[25]
S. typhimurium	CRISPR	DNA	DNA	Dyna beads	20 CFU/mL	[69]
TB	Colorimetric assay	ESAT-6		Gold	1.25 pM	[22]
TB	Impedance	16 kDA HSP	Antibody	Gold	100 fM	[18]
TB	Electrochemical sensor	Aptamer	DNA	Gold	100 CFU/mL	[70]
Staphylococcus aureus	CRISPR	MecA gene	Guide RNA	Silver	10 fM	[71]