Table 4.

Summary of nanomaterials in combination with engineered exogenous NK cells.

Source of NK cells	Nanomaterials and modifications of NK cells	Application methods of NK cells	Functions of nanomaterials	Tumor cell type	Ref.
NK-92 cell lines	Hyaluronic acid based niche loaded unmodified NK cells	Postsurgical implantation	Promote the NK cells proliferation, release cytokines, and enhance tumor-lytic ability	MDA-MB-231	[195]
Primary human NK cells	DNase I@MBGNs and unmodified NK cells	Intravenous injection	DNase I@MBGNs can neutralize tumor acidity and destruct NETs, assist NK cell infusion	Hepa1-6	[196]
Primary human NK cells	AuNSP@ αCD16 and unmodified NK cells	Intravenous injection	Mark CD16 antibody on tumor cells for intravenously injected NK cell recognition	Hela	[197]
NK-92 cell lines	SSB NMs and unmodified NK cells	Intravenous injection	Upregulate the expression of activation receptor-NKG2D on NK92 cells and its ligand-NKG2DL on tumor cells	MDA-MB-231	[198]
NK-92 cell lines	Ru complex and unmodified NK cells	Intravenous injection	Activate multiple receptors (TNF-R1,DR5, Fas) on tumor cells and upregulating NKG2D and its ligand	MDA-MB-231	[199]
NK-92 cell lines	Selenium-bearing ruthenium complex and unmodified NK cells	Intravenous injection	Upregulate DR5 and Fas expression, activate NK cells via TRAIL/TRAIL-R and Fas/FasL pathway	PC3	[200]
NK-92 cell lines	NK cells reinforced acid-responsive micelles loaded with DOX	Intraperitoneal injection	NK cells against solid tumors is reinforced with the site-specific diffusion of DOX	MDA-MB-231	[201]
Primary human NK cells	NK cells loaded with GNS@CaCO3/Ce6	Intravenous injection	Bimodal imaging directed PTT, PDT, IT	A549	[202]
Primary human NK cells	NK cells loaded with DCNP@786s	Intravenous injection	NIR-II FLI for assessing intracellular ROS generation and track NK cell viability	MHCC97H	[203]
NK-92 cell lines	NK cells loaded with liposomal ICG NPs	Experiment in vitro	NK cell-based tumor immunotherapy and PTT	A549, Hela, MCF-7	[204]
NK-92 cell lines/Murine NK cells	NK cells incubated with magnetic NPs	Experiment in vitro	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	[205]
Primary human NK cells	NK cells coated with iron oxide NPs	Experiment in vitro	Increase the homing of NK cells at tumor site	SHSY5Y	[206]
Primary human NK cells	NK cells loaded with Fe3O4@PDA NPs	Intravenous injection	Reduce the expression of Ki-67 and increase the apoptosis of A549 cancer cells by magnetic targeting therapy	A549	[207]
NK-92 cell lines	NK cells loaded with Magnetic Cationic NPs	Intratumors injection	Upregulate the expression of CCR4 and CXCR4 of NK cells	MDA-MB-231	[208]
NK-92 cell lines	NK cells loaded with Fe3O4/SiO2 NPs	Intravenous injection	Promote NK cells infiltrating into tumor site by magnetic targeting therapy	RPMI8226	[209]
NK-92 cell lines	NK cells loaded with Zn/Fe magnetic NPs	Intravenous injection	MRI, FLI, and increase the expression of EGFR targeting chimeric antigen receptor	MDA-MB-231	[210]
Rat primary NK cells	NK cells loaded with HAPF complex	Intra-arterial injection	MRI guided magneto-activated NK cells therapy to suppress solid tumor growth	N1S1	[211]
Primary human NK cells	PTAs nanosheets combined with TLS11a aptamer modified NK cells	Intravenous injection	Combine the artificial NK cell adaptive therapy with PTT treatment	HepG2	[212]
NK-92 cell lines	Nanobody 7D12 modified NK cells	Intravenous injection	Specifically recognize and kill the EGFR-positive tumor cells	LoVo	[213]
NK-92 cell lines	NK cells modified with Azide (N3) and IL-21 NPs	Intravenous injection	Promote proliferation, activation, and persistence of NK cells	Raji	[214]
Mouse NK cells	NK cells modified with adenoviruses	Intravenous injection	Activate NK cells by upregulating the type I interferon signaling in a STAT4-granzyme B-dependent manner	4T1	[215]
Primary human NK cells	NK cells modified with Protein-DNA	Experiment in vitro	Eliminate the immunodepression from inhibitor sialic acid ligands at the NK-tumor cell synapse	Not mentioned	[216]