Table 5.
Summary of nanomaterials activating endogenous NK cells.
| Applications | Nanomaterials | Size | Functions of nanomaterials | Tumor cell type | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regulate the TME | Vesicular CLAN with siLdha | 90 – 100 nm | Knockdown LDHA, reprogram pyruvate metabolism, reduce the production of lactate, neutralize the tumor pH | 4T1 | [229] |
| Nano-carriers encapsulate siRNAs | 130 ± 9 nm | Genetically silence the key intrinsic inhibitory NK cell molecules, SHP-1, Cbl-b, and c-Cbl | 221-Cw4 | [230] | |
| PCM@APAP@RNGs | 128.4 ± 0.8 nm | Release acetaminophen to inhibit PGE2 secretion for promoting the activity of NK cells | Panc02 | [231] | |
| Fraxinellone loaded nanoemulsion | 145 nm | Remold the TME by anti-fibrotic, combine with BRAF peptide vaccine to enhance anti-tumor efficacy | BPD6 | [232] | |
| Neobavaisoflavone nanoemulsion | 100 nm | Reduce ROS production, decrease ECM deposition via suppressing TGF-β/SMADs pathway | A549 | [233] | |
| Nanowires coupled with IL-2 antibody | 18 ± 4.3 μm (long) and 6 ± 2.1 μm (short) | Capture and potentiate endogenous IL-2 for stimulating NK and T cells | Not mentioned | [234] | |
| Na–IVAl-DMSN | 240 nm | Activate DCs to release cytokines IL-18 and IL-1β for recruit NK cells and T cells. | CT26 | [235] | |
| DAL4-LNP-IL-12 + IL-27 mRNA | 130 nm | Intratumorally deliver IL-12 and IL-27 mRNAs induced robust infiltration of immune effector cells | B16F10 | [236] | |
| CLPP/mIL-15 | 221.3 ± 2.5 nm | Promote the express of IL-15 | C26 | [237] | |
| HA/pIL-12/DOX-PMet | 122.1 ± 1.1 nm | Promote the express of IL-12 and enhance the M1 macrophage polarization | 4T1 | [238] | |
| Regulate the tumor cells | Pem/Se | 47 ± 2 nm | Suppress the HLA-E expression and release of pemetrexed | MDA-MB-231 | [243] |
| Pem/Se | 150 – 200 nm | Suppress the HLA-E expression, release of pemetrexed, and increase of ROS generation | A549 | [244] | |
| SeP/DOX | 240 ± 1.3 nm | Suppress the HLA-E expression and release of DOX at the tumor site | MDA-MB-231 | [245] | |
| PSeR/DOX | 87 nm | Suppress the HLA-E expression and release of DOX at the tumor site | MDA-MB-231 | [246] | |
| PSeLYAb NPs | 199.7 nm | Suppress the HLA-E expression and release of Cetuximab at the tumor site | HCT-116 | [247] | |
| Regulate the NK cells | CrvpPS-nano-Se | 1 μm | Increase the thymus index, T cell subpopulations and NK cells | Not mentioned | [248] |
| SeNPs@LNT | 160 nm | Restore the immunocompetence of dysfunctional immune cells (CD4+ T cells, NK cells, T cells, and B cells) | Lung adenocarcinoma | [249] | |
| NGO-α-hCD16 | 150 nm | Stimulate NK cells via the CD16 receptor | Not mentioned | [250] | |
| Cowpea mosaic virus, anti-4-1 B B | 36.8 nm | Stimulate tumor-resident and CPMV-recruited NK cells within TME | CT26, B16F10 | [251] | |
| Chiral nanoparticles | 140 nm | L-type NPs enhance the activation of CD8+ T and NK cells by stimulating DCs | EG7.OVA | [252] | |
| Co-regulate tumor and NK cells | Trifunctional NK-cell engagers | Not mentioned | Bring tumor cells and NK cells together | Raji | [253] |
| IMNs | 46 ± 10 nm | Modify the tumor cell surface with NK cell-activating signals to activate tumor-infiltrating NK cells | B16F10 | [254] | |
| α-EGFR/α-CD16/α-4-1 B B EPI NPs | 112 ± 7 nm | Target EGFR overexpressing tumors and promote the recruitment and activation of NK cells to eradicate tumor | B16F10 | [255] | |
| Pro-αCD25-NDs | 190.1 – 220.2 nm | Increase CD25 expression in target cell to enhance αCD25 binding and NK cell-mediated killing | J-Lat 10.6 | [256] | |
| SeNPs | 102 ± 9.6 nm | Upregulate the expression of activation receptor-NKG2D and its ligand-NKG2DL | HepG2 | [257] | |
| (As + Ce6)@MSNs-PEG | 121 nm | Activate adaptive immunity and release As to enhance the function of innate immunity in the tumor | CT26 | [258] | |
| Lip-CTN-DNase I–SIS3 | 37.2 ± 13 nm | Photothermal agents, killing cancer cells to induce ICD, promote activation of NK cells | 4T1 | [259] | |
| Other methods to activate NK cells | AuNC@MnO2 | 91 nm | FLI/PAI/MIR guided oxygen-boosted PDT & anti-tumor immunity | 4T1 | [260] |
| AuNPs on fluidic liposomes | Not mentioned | NIR(II) PTT to trigger ICD to potentiate tumor immunotherapy | 4T1 | [261] | |
| CD@MSNs | 50 – 60 nm | Photothermal imaging guided PTT cooperated with anti-tumor immunity | 4T1 | [262] | |
| Nanoscale immunoconjugates | 28.0 – 28.5 nm | Increase CD8+ T cells, NK cells and macrophages with a decrease of Tregs in the brain tumor area | GL261 | [263] | |
| ChA CQDs | 2 – 5 nm | Enhance ferroptosis to activate anti-tumor immunity | H22 | [264] |