Fig. 2.

Liver steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation are prevented by CHP treatment.

(A) Comparison of gross liver morphology in representative mice fed with CD/WD or WD supplemented with CHP. Scale bar = 1 cm. (B) Liver weight normalised on body weight, recorded at the end of the experiment (n = 7–8). (C) Representative images of liver sections stained with H&E, ORO, SR, and immunostained with CD45. (D) NAS scoring system, evaluating steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning (n = 7). (E–G) Quantification of ORO (E), CD45⁺ (F), and SR (G) staining in histological images (n = 16). (H, I) Liver TG (H) and CHOL (I) content normalised by tissue weight (n = 5–6). Individual points are plotted and bar represents mean (D); whiskers in boxplots represent the minimum to maximum range (B, E–I). One-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test vs. WD group was used for statistical analysis (B, D–I). ∗p <0.05; ∗∗p <0.01; ∗∗∗p <0.001; ∗∗∗∗p <0.0001. ANOVA, analysis of variance; CD/WD, chow diet/western diet; CHOL, cholesterol; CHP, Cyclo(His-Pro); H&E, haematoxylin and eosin; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NAS, NAFLD activity score; ORO, Oil Red O; SR, Sirius Red; TG, triglycerides.