Fig. 4.
CHP prevents liver injury caused by 2 weeks of CCl4 injections.
(A) Animal study flow. Mice received 6 injections of CCl4 over 13 days and were treated with CHP daily. Liver and plasma samples were collected at Day 14. (B–D) ALT (B), IL-6 (C), and TNF-α (D) plasma levels. Whiskers in boxplots represent the minimum to maximum range. (E) Liver expression of genes involved in apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Error bars in bar plots represent the standard deviations. (F) Representative images of liver sections stained with H&E or SR. (n = 4 for CTRL, n = 6–7 for treatments). One-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test vs. CCl4 group was used for statistical analysis (B–E). ∗p <0.05; ∗∗p <0.01; ∗∗∗p <0.001; ∗∗∗∗p <0.0001. ALT, alanine transaminase; ANOVA, analysis of variance; Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; CHP, cyclo(His-Pro); CTRL, control; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; H&E, haematoxylin and eosin; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; IL-6, interleukin 6; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; SR, Sirius Red; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha.