Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of biopsy-proven NAFLD and imaging-identified steatosis cases identified by NLP and controls.
| NAFLD on biopsy |
Steatosis in Imaging |
pc steatosis biopsy vs. steatosis imaging | sd steatosis biopsy vs. steatosis imaging | Controls |
p steatosis biopsy vs. controls | s steatosis biopsy vs. controls | p steatosis imaging vs. controls | s steatosis imaging vs. controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 3007) | (n = 42,083) | (n = 21,195) | |||||||
| Age at image/biopsy/inclusion | 55 (43–64) | 57 (45–67) | <0.001 | 40.4 | 57 (41–68) | <0.001 | 19.4 | <0.001 | 14.3 |
| (years), median (IQR) | |||||||||
| Male, n (%) | 1366 (45.7) | 19,570 (46.5) | 0.39 | 1.4 | 10,375 (49) | <0.001 | 10.0 | <0.001 | 26.4 |
| White, n (%) | 2080 (74.1) | 29,694 (70.6) | 0.0001 | 13.1 | 14,296 (69.9) | <0.001 | 17.6 | 0.04 | 4.5 |
| Hispanic Latino, n (%) | 105 (3.7) | 2399 (5.7) | <0.001 | 16.2 | 511 (2.4) | <0.001 | 14.5 | <0.001 | 254.1 |
| Black, n (%) | 379 (13.5) | 7952 (18.9) | <0.001 | 39.8 | 5020 (24.5) | <0.001 | 125.3 | <0.001 | 194.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 30 (26–37) | 32 (27–37) | <0.001 | 40.5 | 28 (25–33) | <0.001 | 144.9 | 0 | Inf |
| Diabetes (ICD), n (%) | 893 (29.7) | 12,969 (30.8) | 0.21 | 2.3 | 4209 (20) | <0.001 | 114.1 | <0.001 | 622.3 |
| Serum markers | |||||||||
| ALT (U/L), median (IQR) | 35 (20–75) | 24 (16–40) | <0.001 | 295.8 | 18 (13–25) | 0 | Inf | 0 | Inf |
| ALT > ULN, n (% of patients with elevated ALT) | 1219 (57.5) | 11,151 (37.92) | <0.001 | 233.3 | 1666 (14.39) | 0 | Inf | 0 | Inf |
| AST (U/L), median (IQR) | 32 (21–62) | 22 (17–32) | <0.001 | 502 | 19 (16–24) | 0 | Inf | <0.001 | 705.9 |
| GGT (U/L), median (IQR) | 78 (41–163) | 50 (25.9–128) | <0.001 | 21.4 | 24 (15–49) | <0.001 | 69.6 | <0.001 | 47.5 |
| ALP (U/L), median (IQR) | 82 (64–117.5) | 73 (59–93) | <0.001 | 149.9 | 65 (52–81) | <0.001 | 524.6 | <0.001 | 759.5 |
| Albumin (g/dl), median (IQR) | 4.0 (3.6–4.3) | 4.2 (3.8–4.4) | <0.001 | 67.7 | 4.1 (3.9–4.4) | <0.001 | 79.2 | 0.586 | 0.8 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 126 (88–178) | 133 (94–191) | <0.001 | 12.0 | 100 (71–145) | <0.001 | 92.1 | <0.001 | 906.8 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 172 (144.3–205.8) | 175 (146–205) | 0.488 | 1.0 | 174 (146–204) | 0.977 | 0.03 | 0.089 | 3.5 |
| LDL (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 97.2 (76–123) | 96 (71–123) | 0.099 | 3.3 | 98 (75–123) | 0.866 | 0.2 | <0.001 | 11.6 |
| HDL (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 44 (36–53) | 45 (37–54) | 0.005 | 7.6 | 49 (40–60) | <0.001 | 81.2 | <0.001 | 295.4 |
| HbA1C (%), median (IQR) | 6.0 (5.5–6.8) | 6.2 (5.7-7.2) | <0.001 | 28.6 | 5.8 (5.4–6.7) | 0.005 | 7.8 | <0.001 | 108.1 |
| WBC ( × 109/L), median (IQR) | 7.4 (5.5–9.9) | 7.5 (5.9-9.9) | <0.001 | 12.2 | 6.9 (5.6–8.7) | <0.001 | 26.1 | <0.001 | 459.9 |
| FIB-4, median (IQR) | 1.45 (0.86–2.76) | 1.09 (0.72–1.7) | <0.001 | 199.7 | |||||
| FIB-4, n (%) | |||||||||
| F0 (<1.3) | 872 (43.86) | 17,021 (60.91) | <0.001 | 313.5 | |||||
| F2/3 (1.3–2.67) | 593 (29.83) | 7771 (27.81) | |||||||
| Probable F4 (>2.67) | 523 (26.31) | 3151 (11.28) | |||||||
| APRI, median (IQR) | 0.40 (0.23–1.01) | 0.24 (0.17–0.39) | <0.001 | 506.2 | |||||
| ICD | |||||||||
| NAFLD ICD9/10 code (%) | 1603 (53.3) | 14,035 (33.4) | <0.001 | 360.1 | 0 (0) | 0 | Inf | 0 | Inf |
| NASH ICD10 codea (%) | 684 (22.7) | 1831 (4.4) | 0 | Inf | 0 (0) | 0 | Inf | <0.001 | 689.2 |
| NAFLD or NASH ICD9/10 codeb (%) | 1710 (56.9) | 14,490 (34.4) | <0.001 | 446.9 | 0 (0) | 0 | Inf | 0 | Inf |
BMI, body mass index; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; AP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c, LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; INR, international rationalized ratio; WBC, white blood cell; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
a
K57.8.
b
K67.0 and 571.8/9.
c
p; p-value obtained from Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables and Pearson's chi-squared test for categorical variables. All continuous variables were non-normally distributed.
d
s; s-value obtained from formula: s-value = −log2 (p-value).