Fig. 1.

Screening for ions with the ability to activate the cGAS-STING pathway. (a) Scheme of ion screening with 293-Dual™ mSTING cells. (b&c) 293-Dual™ mSTING cells containing cGAS were treated with different concentrations of metal cations (b) or anions (c). (d) The percentages of mature DCs in (e). (e) The detection of BMDCs maturation after incubation with different concentrations of Mn²⁺, MoO₄²⁻ and the mixtures of Mn²⁺ and MoO₄²⁻ for 16 h. (f) Quantitative analysis of IFN-β secreted by DCs. (g) Qualification of bioluminescence intensities of mSTING cells after incubation with Mn²⁺, MoO₄²⁻ and mixtures of Mn²⁺ and MoO₄²⁻ for 24 h. (h) Fluorescence intensity of mSTING cells in (g). (i) HeLa cells were incubated with Mn²⁺, MoO₄²⁻ and mixtures of Mn²⁺ and MoO₄²⁻ for 16 h, following with WB detection of marker proteins in the cGAS-STING pathway, including TBK1/p-TBK1, STING/p-STING, and IRF-3/p-IRF-3. (1: control, 2: MoO₄²⁻, 3: Mn²⁺, and 4: Mn²⁺+MoO₄²⁻).