Fig. 2.

Characterization and properties of MMP NDs. (a) TEM image of MMO NDs. (b) XRD patterns of MMO NDs. (c) The detection of BMDCs maturation (CD80⁺CD86⁺ cells among CD11c⁺ DCs) after incubation with MMP NDs for 16 h. (d) HeLa cells were incubated with different concentrations of MMP NDs for 16 h, followed by WB for marker proteins in the STING–IFN–β pathway including TBK1/p-TBK1, STING/p-STING, and IRF-3/p-IRF-3. (e) Quantification of the bioluminescence intensities of mSTING cells after incubation with MMP NDs and the mixtures of Mn²⁺ and MoO₄²⁻ for 24 h. (f) The cellular uptake of Mn²⁺ or MMP NDs by HeLa cells was detected by ICP-MS. (g) Illustration showing that MMP NDs after endocytosis may be gradually decomposed into Mn²⁺ and MoO₄²⁻, which would activate the cGAS-STING pathway. NDs. (h) Time-dependent GSH (1 mM) consumption by MMP NDs. (i) UV absorption and optical photos of MMP NDs before and after reaction with GSH, 1) MMP NDs, 2) MMP NDs + GSH. (j&k) XPS of Mo in MMP NDs before (j) and after (k) reaction with GSH.