Plant defense plasticity across life stages. Intra- and intergenerational defense of plants experiencing herbivory (H) or no herbivory (N). Ontogenetic changes in constitutive defenses are shown through differences between naïve seedlings and adults (A). Inducibility is shown by exposing the progeny of naïve mothers to herbivory and examining changes between seedlings and adults in induced physical and chemical antiherbivore defenses (A). Transgenerational induction is shown by comparing the progeny of both attacked and naïve mother plants (B). Transgenerational priming is examined by comparing attacked and nonattacked progeny of both attacked and naïve mother plants (C). Asterisks indicate statistically significant results of pairwise contrasts (with P < 0.05) within each model. Bars indicate means ± SE. Statistical significance of the main effects and interactions is indicated in Table 2.