Table 2. Comparing TPC, TTC, Biological Activities, Recovery Yield, and Energy Consumption in Four Different Extraction Techniquesa.
| criteria/extraction techniques | NADES-based UMAE | NADES-based MAE | NADES-based UAE | NADES-based MUAE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ci-Glu | ||||
| conditions | ||||
| LSR (mL/g) | 40 | 50 | 40 | 40 |
| water content (%) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| ultrasonic power (W) | 150 | 150 | 150 | |
| temperature (°C) | 30 | 30 | 30 | |
| sonication time (min) | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
| microwave power (W) | 400 | 400 | 400 | |
| microwave irradiation time (min) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| TPC (mg GAE/g dw) | 27.07 ± 0.27a | 22.13 ± 0.75c | 9.56 ± 0.17d | 23.88 ± 0.46b |
| recovery yield (%) | 77.52 ± 0.78a | 63.37 ± 2.15c | 27.38 ± 0.49d | 68.38 ± 1.32b |
| ABTS (μM TE/g dw) | 755 ± 50a | 606 ± 21b | 529 ± 45c | 637 ± 11b |
| DPPH (μM TE/g dw) | 123 ± 3a | 91 ± 4c | 87 ± 2c | 115 ± 4b |
| OH (mM TE/g dw) | 104 ± 0.31a | 100 ± 0.67b | 87 ± 0.8c | 104 ± 0.29a |
| tyrosinase inhibition (mg AE/g dw) | 648 ± 29a | 379 ± 33c | 259 ± 43d | 566 ± 43b |
| α-amylase inhibition (g ACE/g dw) | 10.39 ± 0.06a | 9.1 ± 0.37c | 8.59 ± 0.1d | 9.71 ± 0.08b |
| AChE inhibition (g TCE/g dw) | 3.83 ± 0.12a | 3.31 ± 0.08c | 2.94 ± 0.08d | 3.59 ± 0.04b |
| energy consumption (Wh) | 19.2 | 13.3 | 12.5 | 19.2 |
| Lac-Glu | ||||
| conditions | ||||
| LSR (mL/g) | 40 | 50 | 40 | 40 |
| water content (%) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| ultrasonic power (W) | 600 | 600 | 600 | |
| temperature (°C) | 30 | 30 | 30 | |
| sonication time (min) | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
| microwave power (W) | 400 | 400 | 400 | |
| microwave irradiation time (min) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| TTC (mg UA/g dw) | 111 ± 3a | 90 ± 1c | 69 ± 2d | 104 ± 3b |
| recovery yield (%) | 82.71 ± 2.23a | 67.06 ± 0.75c | 51.42 ± 1.49d | 77.50 ± 2.21b |
| ABTS (μM TE/g dw) | 900 ± 17a | 722 ± 23c | 663 ± 17d | 842 ± 21b |
| DPPH (μM TE/g dw) | 120 ± 1a | 87 ± 1c | 87 ± 3c | 110 ± 3b |
| OH (mM TE/g dw) | 52 ± 0.33a | 44 ± 0.15c | 36 ± 0.89d | 48 ± 0.31b |
| tyrosinase inhibition (mg AE/g dw) | 309 ± 17a | 232 ± 14b | 121 ± 31c | 285 ± 25b |
| α-amylase inhibition (g ACE/g dw) | 15.78 ± 0.10a | 9.5 ± 0.38c | 8.03 ± 0.05d | 14.86 ± 0.14b |
| AChE inhibition (g TCE/g dw) | 4.36 ± 0.09a | 4.21 ± 0.11a | 3.36 ± 0.07b | 4.25 ± 0.04a |
| energy consumption (Wh) | 56.67 | 13.3 | 50 | 56.67 |
a
Different characters (a, b, c, and d) showed significant statistical differences.