Microstructuring for the advanced microscale
Si anode. (a) Schematic
of silicene flowers features high tap density, three-dimensional electron/lithium
ion transport channels, reduced lithium ion diffusion length, and
limited variable SEI. Reproduced with permission from ref (37). Copyright 2017 American
Chemical Society. (b) Schematic illustrating the lithiation/delithiation
process of the ant-nest-like microscale porous Si particles showing
inward volume expansion and stable Si framework retention during cycling.
Reproduced with permission from ref (43). Copyright 2019 the authors. Published by Springer
Nature under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC
BY 4.0) License. (c) Schematic illustration of a hollow porous Si
sphere (HPSS) and magnified TEM images of pristine, fully lithiated,
and delithiated HPSS@C particles, which illustrate a thickened shell
(22% expansion after lithiation) and pore filling/restoration showing
no structural collapse. Reproduced with permission from ref (45). Copyright 2018 the authors.
Published by Springer Nature under a Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. (d) Electron energy loss spectroscopy
(EELS) elemental mapping of mixed amorphous–crystalline Si
(MACS) for Si (orange) and boron (green). Reproduced with permission
from ref (4). Copyright
2023 Royal Society of Chemistry.