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. 2023 Aug 1;56(16):2213–2224. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00308

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Microstructuring for the advanced microscale Si anode. (a) Schematic of silicene flowers features high tap density, three-dimensional electron/lithium ion transport channels, reduced lithium ion diffusion length, and limited variable SEI. Reproduced with permission from ref (37). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic illustrating the lithiation/delithiation process of the ant-nest-like microscale porous Si particles showing inward volume expansion and stable Si framework retention during cycling. Reproduced with permission from ref (43). Copyright 2019 the authors. Published by Springer Nature under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. (c) Schematic illustration of a hollow porous Si sphere (HPSS) and magnified TEM images of pristine, fully lithiated, and delithiated HPSS@C particles, which illustrate a thickened shell (22% expansion after lithiation) and pore filling/restoration showing no structural collapse. Reproduced with permission from ref (45). Copyright 2018 the authors. Published by Springer Nature under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. (d) Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) elemental mapping of mixed amorphous–crystalline Si (MACS) for Si (orange) and boron (green). Reproduced with permission from ref (4). Copyright 2023 Royal Society of Chemistry.