Fig. 1.

Schematic diagram of the skin repair process. The four phases of trauma repair, hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling phases, occur in order and can overlap. Platelets play a role in the hemostatic phase. Neutrophils play an anti-infection function primarily during the inflammatory phase. Macrophages are involved in both the inflammatory and proliferative phases and exert different roles depending on the phenotypic variation (M1 and M2). Vascularization as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) formation occurs during the proliferative phase, while ECM remodeling may take months or even years.

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [7]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [8]. Copyright 2022 Cialdai, Risaliti, and Monici