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. 2023 Aug 17;10:36. doi: 10.1186/s40779-023-00472-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Schematic diagram of the effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs) on wound repair. EVs promote axon and Schwann cell proliferation via BDNF, NGF, CNTF, and miRNAs. The VEGF, PDGF, and miRNAs within the EVs promote endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis. EVs also participate in keratinocyte differentiation and facilitate the de novo synthesis of ceramides. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs containing Wnt3a and Wnt11 facilitate the reconstruction and proliferation of hair follicles to promote the transition from the telogen to the anagen phase. It was created utilizing the templates on BioRender.com as a reference. BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, NGF nerve growth factor, CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, PDGF platelet-derived growth factor, Wnt wingless/integrated, Shh sonic hedgehog