Table 3.

Summary of researches using EVs in vitro to examine wound repair

Cell type	EVs type	Cargo	Target	Function	References
Hydrogen peroxide-induced HaCaT cells	HucMSC-derived EVs	miR-150-5p	Activating PI3K/Akt pathway through PTEN	Apoptosis↓ Skin wound healing↑	[123]
Hydrogen peroxide-induced HaCaT cells	BMSC-derived EVs	miR-93-3p	miR-93-3p/APAF1 axis	Proliferation ↑ Migration↑ Apoptosis↓	[87]
Fibroblast	HucMSC-derived EVs	–	Inhibit the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway	Fibroblasts-myofibroblasts transition↓	[29]
Fibroblast	ADMSC-derived EVs	miR- 132, miR-21, and miR-29a miR-223, miR-203, miR-146a	Regulating the M2 phenotype	M2 macrophage polarization↑ Immune modulation↑	[124]
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	ADMSC-derived EVs (80.1 nm)	miR-132 and miR-146a	ROCK1/PTEN pathway	Anti-inflammatory effects↑ Pro-angiogenic effects↑	[125]
Hydrogen peroxide-induced HaCaT cells and HDF cells	ADMSC-derived EVs	MALAT1	Wnt/β-catenin pathway	Proliferation↑ Migration↑ Apoptosis↓	[126]

HucMSC human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell, PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt protein kinase B, BMSC bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, APAF1 apoptosis protease-activating factor 1, ADMSC adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell, ROCK1 Rho-associated protein kinase 1, PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, MALAT1 metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1, HDF human dermal fibroblast