Table 6.

Summary of EVs combined with hydrogels used in wound repair

Years	Biomaterial type	EV source	Disease model	Feature	References
2020	PF-127 HucMSC-EV hydrogel	HucMSC-derived EVs	SD diabetic rat full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Temperature sensitivity	[112]
2021	HucMSC-EV-loaded genipin-crosslinked hydrogel	HucMSC-derived EVs	Mouse full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Biodegradable, temperature and pH sensitive	[228]
2020	Chitosan hydrogel@ hEnSC-EV	hEnSC-derived EVs	BALB/c mouse full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Biodegradable	[229]
2020	CTS-SF/SA/Ag-Exo dressing	HucMSC-derived EVs	BALB/c male mouse infected full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, promoting wound healing, retaining moisture, maintaining electrolyte balance	[226]
2020	OxOBand (PUAO-CPO-EXO scaffolds)	ADMSC-derived EVs	Wistar diabetic rat infected full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Provide cell migration matrix, provide continuous oxygen to regenerate tissue, reduce oxidative stress, induce angiogenesis and proper collagen remodeling in regenerating tissue	[225]
2019	PF-127 hydrogel PD-L1-EV	Sk-mel-5 human malignant melanoma cells and B16F10 mouse melanoma cells EVs	BALB/c mouse full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Temperature sensitivity, protective effects against infection and inflammation, immunosuppression	[128]
2019	FHE@EV hydrogel (F127/OHA-EPL ADMSC-EV)	ADMSC-derived EVs	Diabetic mouse full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Injectable, self-healing and antibacterial, stimuli-responsive EV release	[227]
2022	HA@MnO2/FGF-2/Exo hydrogel	M2 macrophage-derived EVs	C57BL/6J diabetic mouse full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Rapid hemostasis, long-term antibacterial effects, oxidative stress reduction, oxygenated environment, injectable, adhesive, self-healing, timed release	[230]
2021	TISSEEL-PEP	Platelet-derived EVs	New Zealand great white rabbit ischemia full-thickness skin resection wound model	Clinical ease of use, promotion of angiogenesis, collagen reorganization, and skin regeneration	[231]
2020	ADMSC-EV-loaded Alg hydrogel	ADMSC-derived EVs	Wistar rat full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	High biocompatibility, biodegradability, nonantigenicity, high water absorption	[232]
2019	FEP@ADMSC-EVs	ADMSC-derived EVs	ICR diabetic mice full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Thermosensitivity, injectability, self-healing, adhesion, antimicrobial, hemostasis, UV shielding	[233]
2018	Curcuma zedoaria polysaccharide PRP-Exos/ZWP	PRP-derived EVs	SD diabetic rat full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Hypoglycemic effect and weight loss reduction, hemostatic, antibacterial, biocompatible, and biodegradable	[234]
2017	GMSC Exos@chitosan/silk hydrogel sponge	GMSC-derived EVs	Diabetic mice full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Hemostatic, antibacterial, biocompatible and biodegradable	[90]
2017	SMSC-126-Exos@chitosan	SMSC-derived EVs	SD diabetic rat full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Angiogenesis	[46]
2022	MSC-Exos@CEC-DCMC HG	BMSC-derived EVs	SD diabetic rat full-thickness cutaneous skin resection model	Regulates the polarity of macrophages, promotion of angiogenesis, antibacterial	[235]

PF-127 pluronic F-127, EVs extracellular vesicles, HucMSC human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell, hEnSC human endometrial stem cell, CTS chitosan, SF silk fibroin, SA stearic acid, PUAO antioxidant polyurethane, CPO calcium peroxide, Exo exosome, ADMSC adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell, PD-L1 programmed death-ligand 1, OHA oxidized hyaluronic acid, EPL poly-ε-L-lysine, HA hyaluronic acid, MnO₂ manganese dioxide, FGF-2 fibroblast growth factor 2, TISSEEL human fibrin seal, PEP platelets exosome product, Alg alginate, PRP-Exos platelet-rich plasma exosomes, ZWP one homogeneous polysaccharide, CEC carboxyethyl chitosan, DCMC dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose, HG hydrogel, GMSC gingival mesenchymal stem cell, SMSC synovium mesenchymal stem cell, BMSC bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell