Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants
| Healthcare workers (N = 21) |
Outpatients (N = 29) |
Residents of long-term care facilities (N = 64) |
P-value a) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, (IQR) | 51.0 | (42.0–60.0) | 72.0 | (67.0–76.0) | 89.5 | (84.0–93.5) | < 0.001 |
| Age group, years, n (%) | |||||||
| < 45 | 8 | (38.1) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| 45 to < 65 | 9 | (42.9) | 5 | (17.2) | 2 | (3.1) | |
| 65 to < 85 | 4 | (19.0) | 23 | (79.3) | 15 | (23.4) | |
| ≥ 85 | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (3.5) | 47 | (73.4) | |
| Sex, no. (%) | |||||||
| Male | 7 | (33.3) | 23 | (79.3) | 16 | (25.0) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 14 | (66.7) | 6 | (20.7) | 48 | (75.0) | |
| Body mass index, (IQR) | 21.8 | (20.9–23.2) | 22.8 | (20.7–24.2) | 19.4 | (17.4–21.1) | < 0.001 |
| ECOG-PS, n (%) | |||||||
| 0 | 21 | (100.0) | 22 | (75.9) | 0 | (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 0 | (0.0) | 7 | (24.1) | 0 | (0.0) | |
| 2 | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 8 | (12.5) | |
| 3 | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 17 | (26.6) | |
| 4 | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 39 | (60.9) | |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||||
| Chronic respiratory diseases | 0 | (0.0) | 26 | (89.7) | 10 | (15.6) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic heart diseases | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (3.4) | 19 | (29.7) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic liver diseases | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (6.9) | 3 | (4.7) | 0.493 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2 | (9.5) | 13 | (44.8) | 29 | (45.3) | 0.010 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 1 | (4.8) | 3 | (10.3) | 28 | (43.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 6 | (28.6) | 14 | (48.3) | 36 | (56.3) | 0.088 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1 | (4.8) | 8 | (27.6) | 14 | (21.9) | 0.122 |
| Solid cancer | 0 | (0.0) | 4 | (13.8) | 5 | (7.8) | 0.203 |
| Leukemia | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | NC |
| Lymphoma | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (3.1) | 0.451 |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | NC |
| Connective tissue diseases | 1 | (4.8) | 1 | (3.4) | 0 | (0.0) | 0.256 |
| Immunosuppression b) | 1 | (4.8) | 2 | (6.9) | 5 | (7.8) | 0.893 |
| No. of Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| 0 | 13 | (61.9) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 5 | (23.8) | 6 | (20.7) | 6 | (9.4) | |
| 2 | 3 | (14.3) | 10 | (34.5) | 17 | (26.6) | |
| ≥ 3 | 0 | (0.0) | 13 | (44.8) | 41 | (64.1) | |
| Functional Independence Measure, (IQR) | |||||||
| Motor function | 91.0 | (91.0–91.0) | 91.0 | (91.0–91.0) | 16.5 | (13.0–45.0) | < 0.001 |
| Cognitive function | 35.0 | (35.0–35.0) | 35.0 | (35.0–35.0) | 15.0 | (7.0–23.5) | < 0.001 |
| Total score | 126.0 | (126.0–126.0) | 126.0 | (126.0–126.0) | 30.5 | (21.0–64.5) | < 0.001 |
| Mini-mental State Examination, (IQR) | 30.0 | (30.0–30.0) | 27.0 | (26.0–30.0) | 7.0 | (0.0–15.0) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory data, (IQR) | |||||||
| Serum total protein level (g/dL) | 7.5 | (7.2–7.6) | 7.0 | (6.7–7.3) | 6.6 | (6.3–7.2) | < 0.001 |
| Serum albumin level (g/dL) | 4.6 | (4.5–4.8) | 4.2 | (4.1–4.3) | 3.6 | (3.3–3.9) | < 0.001 |
| Serum cholesterol (mg/dL) | 211.0 | (194.0–234.0) | 198.0 | (171.0–212.0) | 165.0 | (142.0–190.5) | < 0.001 |
| WBC /mm3 | 5600 | (4900–7000) | 5670 | (4790–6520) | 5050 | (4045–6645) | 0.214 |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 32.0 | (26.0–36.0) | 28.1 | (24.2–32.4) | 26.1 | (19.6–32.0) | 0.007 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 | (12.2–14.6) | 13.5 | (12.8–14.6) | 11.1 | (10.0–12.7) | < 0.001 |
| Platelet (× 104/μL) | 21.0 | (17.2–24.6) | 20.7 | (15.3–24.5) | 19.9 | (16.1–26.2) | 0.873 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.6 | (0.5–0.7) | 0.7 | (0.4–0.8) | 0.4 | (0.3–0.6) | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 20.0 | (18.0–27.0) | 23.0 | (19.0–31.0) | 21.0 | (18.5–28.0) | 0.357 |
| ALT (U/L) | 16.0 | (14.0–23.0) | 20.0 | (16.0–31.0) | 15.0 | (11.0–22.0) | 0.014 |
| LDH (U/L) | 168.0 | (144.0–180.0) | 192.0 | (173.0–222.0) | 161.0 | (141.5–186.5) | < 0.001 |
| e-GFR (mL/min per 1·73 m2) | 78.6 | (68.6–83.7) | 61.3 | (55.0–75.7) | 65.3 | (49.7–94.3) | 0.071 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 | (5.5–5.8) | 6.0 | (5.6–6.4) | 5.4 | (5.2–5.8) | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: IQR Interquartile range, ECOG-PS Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status Scale, WBC White blood cell count, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT Alanine transaminase, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase, e-GFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin, NC Not calculable
a Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables
b Immunosuppression included being on steroids, immunosuppressive agents, chemotherapy, or biologic therapy