GRHL2 silencing induces a partial EMT in lung cancer but its effects on growth are cell type-dependent. (A) Western blotting of GRHL2, E-cadherin and vimentin in the lung cancer cell lines H1975 and H2009 transfected with control or GRHL2 siRNA. Values below bands indicate quantitation of band intensities normalized to β-actin. Quantification of band intensities is shown in the bottom graph. (B) Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR of E-cadherin, vimentin and four master EMT regulator genes in H1975 and H2009 cells transfected with control (si-NC) or GRHL2 siRNA. (C) Proliferation and (D) colony formation assays of H1975 and H2009 cells transfected with either control or GRHL2 siRNA. Results are shown as the mean ± SD, assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. si-NC. GRHL2, Grainyhead-like 2; siRNA, small-interfering RNA; NC, negative control; n.s., non-significant; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; ZEB, Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox; SNAI, snail homolog.