Table 1.
Characteristics of participants grouped with or without diabetic retinopathy.
| Non-DR | DR | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 535 | N = 302 | ||
| Age, years | 62.90 ± 10.55 | 63.88 ± 10.45 | 0.193 |
| Sex, % | 0.036 | ||
| Male | 47.10 | 54.64 | NA |
| Female | 52.90 | 45.36 | NA |
| Race, % | 0.069 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 42.24 | 35.76 | NA |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 26.36 | 35.43 | NA |
| Mexican American | 19.44 | 19.21 | NA |
| Other Hispanic | 8.79 | 7.62 | NA |
| Other | 3.18 | 1.99 | NA |
| Education, % | 0.257 | ||
| Less than high school | 19.07 | 23.84 | NA |
| High school | 45.42 | 43.38 | NA |
| More than high school | 35.51 | 32.78 | NA |
| Poverty income ratio | 2.36 ± 1.48 | 2.38 ± 1.40 | 0.848 |
| Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life, % | 0.673 | ||
| Yes | 53.83 | 52.32 | NA |
| No | 46.17 | 47.68 | NA |
| Drinker, % | 56.07 | 54.97 | 0.757 |
| Hypertension, % | 0.770 | ||
| Yes | 60.56 | 61.59 | NA |
| No | 39.44 | 38.41 | NA |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 8.35 ± 9.98 | 15.62 ± 11.26 | <0.001 |
| Insulin therapy, % | 13.83 | 42.72 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 32.39 ± 7.10 | 31.55 ± 6.64 | 0.091 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 109.07 ± 14.79 | 107.67 ± 14.49 | 0.187 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L, mean ± SD) | 4.82 ± 1.21 | 4.83 ± 1.21 | 0.910 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L, mean ± SD) | 1.96 ± 1.06 | 1.96 ± 1.09 | 0.980 |
| HDL (mmol/L, mean ± SD) | 1.26 ± 0.36 | 1.28 ± 0.37 | 0.378 |
| LDL (mmol/L, mean ± SD) | 2.60 ± 0.65 | 2.61 ± 0.67 | 0.791 |
| HbA1C, % | 6.97 ± 1.53 | 7.95 ± 1.76 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL, mean ± SD) | 13.85 ± 1.51 | 13.62 ± 1.70 | 0.047 |
| Retinopathy severity, % | |||
| Mild NPR | NA | 64.9 | NA |
| Moderate-to-severe NPR | NA | 25.8 | NA |
| Proliferative retinopathy | NA | 9.3 | NA |
Mean ± SD for continuous variables: the P-value was calculated by the linear regression model.
(%) for categorical variables: the P-value was calculated by the chi-square test.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; NPR, non-proliferative retinopathy; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; DR, diabetic retinopathy.