Table 2.

Relationship between hemoglobin levels and diabetic retinopathy.

	Model 1 OR (95% CI) p-value	Model 2 OR (95% CI) p-value	Model 3 OR (95% CI) p-value
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	0.91 (0.83, 1.00) 0.0472	0.89 (0.80, 0.98) 0.0238	0.93 (0.82, 1.05) 0.2608
T1	Reference	Reference	Reference
T2	0.78 (0.55, 1.09) 0.1467	0.74 (0.52, 1.06) 0.1059	0.91 (0.60, 1.37) 0.6474
T3	0.64 (0.45, 0.91) 0.0124	0.54 (0.36, 0.82) 0.0041	0.70 (0.43, 1.13) 0.1413
p for trend	0.86 (0.76, 0.97) 0.0122	0.82 (0.71, 0.94) 0.0041	0.89 (0.76, 1.04) 0.1514
Stratified by gender
Men	0.86 (0.75, 0.98) 0.0274	0.88 (0.77, 1.02) 0.0872	0.88 (0.75, 1.04) 0.1366
Women	0.84 (0.72, 0.98) 0.0238	0.88 (0.75, 1.03) 0.1104	0.95 (0.79, 1.15) 0.6125
Stratified by age
40–49 years	0.96 (0.76, 1.22) 0.7362	0.90 (0.66, 1.23) 0.5246	0.68 (0.37, 1.26) 0.2211
50–59 years	1.07 (0.88, 1.29) 0.4914	1.03 (0.83, 1.28) 0.7609	0.97 (0.72, 1.31) 0.8455
60–69 years	0.83 (0.71, 0.97) 0.0206	0.78 (0.65, 0.94) 0.0094	0.94 (0.75, 1.17) 0.5678
≥70 years	0.89 (0.75, 1.06) 0.1802	0.88 (0.72, 1.08) 0.2121	0.89 (0.71, 1.13) 0.3340
Stratified by BMI
Normal weight	1.04 (0.80, 1.35) 0.7852	0.91 (0.65, 1.29) 0.5969	0.77 (0.47, 1.26) 0.3050
Overweight	1.00 (0.84, 1.17) 0.9553	1.01 (0.82, 1.24) 0.9490	1.02 (0.80, 1.30) 0.8504
Obese	0.83 (0.74, 0.94) 0.0029	0.82 (0.71, 0.94) 0.0045	0.90 (0.76, 1.06) 0.1951

Model 1: no covariates were adjusted. Model 2: age, gender, and race were adjusted. Model 3: age, gender, race, educational level, BMI, poverty income ratio, waist circumference, alcohol consumption status, duration of diabetes, alcohol consumption status, hypertension status, insulin therapy, HDL, LDL, HbA1C, triglyceride, and total cholesterol were adjusted.

In the subgroup analysis stratified by gender and race, the model is not adjusted for sex and race, respectively.