Table 4.
Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders (FAODs).
| Enzymes | Role | Disease Name | Upregulated Cancers | Downregulated Cancers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) | Catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group of a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA from coenzyme A to carnitine. | Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) deficiency or CPT 1A deficiency | Colorectal cancer (190–192), nasopharyngeal cancer (193), ovarian cancer (194, 195), glioblastoma (196), gastric cancer (197), and HCC (198). | |
| Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) | Catalyzes the re-conjugation of long and very-long-chain acyl-carnitines to acyl-CoA | Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency or CPT2 deficiency | Colorectal cancer (199–201) and HCC (198, 202). | |
| Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Very-Long Chain (ACADVL or VLCAD) | Breaks down a group of very long-chain fatty acids | Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency | HCC (205). | |
| Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Medium-chain (ACADM or MCAD) | Breaks down a group of medium-chain fatty acids. | Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency | Glioblastoma (205, 206). | |
| Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (TFP or MTP), composed of two types of subunits: the alpha subunit (TFPα; HADHA gene), and the beta subunit (TFPβ; HADHB gene). | Catalyzes the last three reactions in the fatty acid β-oxidation process. Breaks down long-chain fatty acids. | Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency or MTP deficiency | HADHA in lung carcinomas (212, 213) and both HADHA and HADHB in malignant lymphoma (214, 215). | HADHB in colorectal cancer and stomach adenocarcinoma (218, 219). |