TABLE 1.

p53-regulated genes that impact immune function.

p53-regulated gene	Up/down regulation by p53	Function	Ref.
CCL2	↑	Pro-cancer: can promote polarization of M2 macrophages	Hacke et al. (2010), Fei et al. (2021)
DR5	↑	Anti-cancer: also known as TRAIL-R2, receptor for TRAIL that promotes cellular apoptosis upon TRAIL binding	Wu et al. (1997)
Fas	↑	Anti-cancer: FasL receptor that promotes extrinsic cellular apoptosis pathways upon ligand binding	Müller et al. (1998)
IRF5	↑	Anti-cancer: activates the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediates apoptosis in cancer cells	Mori et al. (2002), Barnes et al. (2003), Hu et al. (2005), Honda and Taniguchi (2006), Yanai et al. (2007), Couzinet et al. (2008), Hu and Barnes (2009)
IRF9	↑	Anti-cancer: contributes to p53-mediated upregulation of IFNs	Muñoz-Fontela et al. (2008)
		Pro-cancer: may promote cancer cell survival via IL6 & STAT3 activation
PD-L1	↑/↓	Pro-cancer: binding to receptor PD-1 suppresses CD8+ T-cell activation	Cortez et al. (2016), Thiem et al. (2019), Costa et al. (2020)
PKR	↑	Anti-cancer: supports p53-mediated tumor suppression, mediates inflammasome activation and release of HMGB1	Yoon et al. (2009), Lu et al. (2012)
TLRs	↑	Anti-cancer: stimulates pro-inflammatory cytokines in cancer cells & lymphocytes	Muresan et al. (2020), Muresan et al. (2020)
TRAIL	↑	Anti-cancer: DR4/5 ligand expressed primarily by immune cells	Kuribayashi et al. (2008)
ULBP1/2	↑	Anti-cancer: enhances NK cell target recognition	Textor et al. (2011)