Table 3. List of studies in the systematic review.
| Study | Project Purpose | Public Health Domain | Model Level of Analysis | Developmental Stage/Stage of Validation | Mode of Dissemination | Did GMB inform intervention design? | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calancie et al., 2022 (United States) [20] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders Design/improve implementation |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source White paper |
Yes | Positive reaction Insight Communication System change Improved understanding of role or responsibility Positive results of system changes |
| Gullett et al., 2022 (United States) [21] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Social work and development | Community/ population | Management | Open source Software interface |
Not mentioned | Insight Behavior change Communication Consensus Shared language Systems thinking skills Further use of SD methods |
| Hendricks et al., 2022 (South Africa) [22] | Build a valid model | Nutrition | Individual | Demonstration | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight |
| Broekhuizen et al., 2021 (Zambia) [23] | Design/improve implementation | Health care/Hospital administration and management | Group/ organization | Demonstration | Open source Online file sharing |
Not mentioned | Insight Communication Consensus |
| Broekhuizen et al., 2021 (Malawi) [24] | Build a valid model Foster decision making Design/improve implementation |
Health care/Hospital administration and management | Group/ organization | Management | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight |
| Susnik et al., 2021 (Latvia) [25] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Management | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Insight |
| Shire et al., 2020 (United Kingdom) [26] | Build a valid model Foster decision mking Design/improve implementation |
Health care/Hospital administration and management Pharmaceuticals |
Group/ organization | Management | Non-open source Software interface |
Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Confidence in model Communication Consensus Shared language Improved understanding of role or responsibility Systems thinking skills Further use of SD methods Efficiency |
| Guarigata et al., 2020 (Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent, the Grenadines) [27] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Commitment Confidence in model Communication Consensus Systems thinking skills |
| Sarmiento et al., 2020 (Colombia) [28] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders Foster decision making |
Infrastructure | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Yes | Insight |
| Weeks et al., 2020; Weeks et al., 2017 (United States) [29, 30] |
Build a valid model Foster decision-making Design/improve implementation |
Infectious diseases | Community/ population | Research | Open source Software interface Planning meeting |
Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Commitment Confidence in model Communication Consensus Shared language Systems thinking skills |
| Hennessy et al., 2020; Appel et al., 2019 (United States) [31, 32] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Non-communicable diseases Nutrition |
Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source | Yes | Insight Confidence in model Communication Shared language Further use of SD methods |
| Naumann et al., 2020 (United States) [33] | Build a valid model | Infrastructure | Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Insight Communication Systems thinking skills |
| McGlashan et al., 2018 Allender et al., 2015; (Australia) [34, 35] | Build a valid model |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source Community meeting |
Yes | Positive reaction Insight Commitment Behavior Communication Consensus Shared language System changes Systems thinking skills Improved understanding of role or responsibility Positive results of system changes Further use of SD methods Efficiency |
| Langellier et al., 2019 (Peru, Brazil, Guatemala) [36] |
Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders |
Nutrition Infrastructure |
Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source Written report |
Yes | Positive reaction Insight Communication Consensus Shared language Systems thinking skills Further use of SD methods |
| Escobedo et al., 2019 (United States) [37] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Mental health/addiction and substance abuse | Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Insight Consensus System changes Improved understanding of role or responsibility |
| Fowler et al., 2019 (United States) [38] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders |
Social work and development | Group/ organization | Demonstration | Non-open source Written report Organizational presentations |
Not mentioned | Insight Confidence in model Communication Consensus Improved understanding of role or responsibility |
| Dianati et al., 2019 (Kenya) [39] | Build a valid model Foster decision making |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Management | Open source | Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Confidence in model Consensus Systems thinking skills |
| Ansah et al., 2019 (Cambodia) [40] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders |
Non-communicable diseases | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Communication Consensus Further use of SD methods |
| Gamble et al., 2019 (United States) [41] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders Design/improve implementation |
Health care/Hospital administration and management | Group/ organization | Demonstration | Non-open source | Yes | Positive reaction Insight Commitment Behavior Communication Shared language Systems change Systems thinking skills Positive results of system changes Further use of SD methods |
| Qayoom et al., 2019 (Pakistan) [42] | Build a valid model | Occupational health | Group/ organization | Management | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Insight Confidence in model |
| Hosseinichimeh et al., 2019 (United States) [43] | Build a valid model | Maternal and child health | Community/ population Group/ organization Individual |
Management | Non-open source Website Organizational presentation |
Not mentioned | Insight Communication Shared language Improved understanding of role or responsibility Further use of SD methods Efficiency |
| Baker et al., 2019 (Switzerland) [44] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation Foster decision making |
Nutrition, Health care/Hospital administration and management | Group/ organization | Demonstration | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Insight |
| Gerritsen et al., 2019 (New Zealand) [45] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Yes | Positive reaction Insight Commitment System changes Further use of SD methods |
| Urwannachotima et al., 2019 (Thailand) [46] | Build a valid model Foster decision-making |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight Confidence in model Communication Consensus Further use of SD methods |
| Purwanto et al., 2019 (Indonesia) [47] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders Foster decision making |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Consensus Improved understanding of role or responsibility Systems thinking skills |
| Roberts et al., 2019 (Australia) [48] | Build a valid model Foster decision making |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Management | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight Communication Consensus Further use of SD methods Efficiency |
| Mui et al., 2019 (United States) [49] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders Design/improve implementation |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight Communication Further use of SD methods Efficiency |
| Pagano et al., 2019 (Slovenia) [50] | Build rapport across and among stakeholders Design/improve implementation |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Management | Open source Stella interface |
Yes | Positive reaction Insight Communication Consensus Shared language Further use of SD methods |
| Malard et al., 2018 (Mexico) [51] | Build a valid model Foster decision-making |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source Conference presentation |
Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Communication Consensus Improved understanding of role or responsibility Further use of SD methods |
| Koh et al., 2018 (United States) [52] | Build a valid model | Nutrition | Community/ population | Research | Open source Website Online file sharing program |
Not mentioned | Insight Confidence in model Shared language Systems thinking skills Efficiency |
| Ansah et al., 2018 (Singapore) [53] | Build a valid model | Health care/Hospital administration and management | Group/ organization | Demonstration | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Insight Systems thinking skills Further use of SD methods |
| Eker et al., 2018 (United Kingdom) [54] | Build a valid model Foster decision making |
Environmental health Infrastructure |
Community/ population | Research | Open source Stakeholder presentation Written report |
Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Confidence in model Communication Consensus Systems thinking skills Further use of SD methods Efficiency |
| Chalise, 2018 (India) [55] | Build a valid model |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Management | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight Confidence in model Communication |
| Lembani et al., 2018 (South Africa) [56] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders |
Maternal and child health | Group/ organization | Demonstration | Open source Written report Stakeholder presentation |
Yes | Insight Commitment Consensus Shared language System changes Improved understanding of role or responsibility Efficiency |
| Reno, 2018 (United States) [57] | Build a valid model |
Maternal and child health | Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Insight Communication Consensus |
| Brown et al., 2018 (Australia) [58] | Build a valid model Foster decision making |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight |
| Atkinson et al., 2017 (Australia) [59] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders Foster decision making Design/improve implementation |
Mental health/addiction and substance abuse | Community/ population | Management | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight Consensus Further use of SD methods |
| Freebairn et al., 2017 (Australia) [60] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders Design/improve implementation |
Mental health/addiction and substance abuse | Community/ population | Management | Open source | Yes | Insight Confidence in model Communication Consensus Shared language Systems thinking skills |
| Kopainsky et al., 2017 (Zambia) [61] | Build a valid model Foster decision-making |
Nutrition | Individual | Demonstration | Non-open source Written report |
Yes | Positive reaction Insight Behavior Communication Consensus Improved understanding of role or responsibility Systems thinking skills |
| Morrow-Howell et al., 2017 (United States) [62] | Design/improve implementation | Social work and development | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight Further use of SD methods Efficiency |
| Macmillan et al., 2017 (United Kingdom, the Netherlands) [63] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Infrastructure | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source Written report |
Not mentioned | Insight Communication |
| Mumba et al., 2017 (Zambia) [64] | Design/improve implementation Foster decision making |
Animal health | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Consensus Systems thinking skills |
| Waqa et al., 2017 (Fiji) [20] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Yes | Insight Commitment Consensus System changes Improved understanding of role or responsibility Positive results of system changes |
| Jetha et al., 2017 (United States) [65] | Build a valid model |
Mental health/addiction and substance abuse | Group/ organization | Management | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight Consensus Improved understanding of role or responsibility Efficiency |
| Trani et al., 2016 (Afghanistan) [66] | Foster decision making Design/improve implementation |
Mental health/addiction and substance abuse | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Commitment Communication Consensus Shared language Improved understanding of role or responsibility Efficiency |
| Jetha et al., 2016 (United States) [67] | Build a valid model | Occupational health | Group/ organization | Management | Open source | Insight | |
| Frerichs et al., 2016 (United States) [68] | Build a valid model |
Crime/violence | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source Stakeholder presentation |
Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Commitment Confidence in model Communication Systems thinking skills Further use of SD methods |
| Zimmerman et al., 2016 (United States) [69] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Health care/Hospital administration and management | Group/ organization | Management | Non-open source | Yes | Positive reaction Insight Consensus Shared language System change Systems thinking skills Positive results of system changes Further use of SD methods Efficiency |
| Macmillan et al., 2016 (United Kingdom) [70] | Build a valid model Foster decision making Design/improve implementation |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source Website File copy |
Not mentioned | Insight Commitment Consensus Systems thinking skills |
| Brownson et al., 2015 (United States) [71] | Build rapport across and among stakeholders | Health care/Hospital administration and management | Group/ organization, Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source | Yes | Positive reaction Insight Commitment Confidence in model Behavior change Communication Shared language System changes Improved understanding of role or responsibility Systems thinking skills Positive results of system changes Efficiency |
| Homa, 2015 (United States) [72] | Build a valid model Foster decision-making |
Health care/Hospital administration and management | Community/ population | Research | Open source Website, blog, or social media post |
Not mentioned | Insight Efficiency |
| Thomas et al., 2015 (United States) [73] | Foster decision-making Design/improve implementation |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source | Yes | Positive reaction Insight Commitment Confidence in model Communication Consensus Shared language Systems change Efficiency |
| Brennan et al., 2015 (United States) [74] | Foster decision-making Design/improve implementation |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Insight Commitment Communication Consensus Shared language Improved understanding of role or responsibility Efficiency |
| Munar et al., 2015 (Honduras) [75] | Foster decision-making | Maternal and child health | Community/ population | Research | Non-open source | Yes | Insight Systems thinking skills Further use of SD methods |
| Keane et al., 2015 (United States) [76] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source | Yes | Insight Commitment Confidence in model Behavior change Communication Shared language Systems change Positive results of system change Further use of SD methods |
| Moreland, 2015 (United States) [77] | Build a valid model |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source | Yes | Insight Behavior change Systems thinking skills Efficiency |
| Skouteris et al., 2015 (Australia) [78] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Nutrition | Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source | Yes | Insight Consensus |
| Esensoy et al., 2015 (Canada) [79] | Build a valid model Foster decision making Design/improve implementation |
Health care/Hospital administration and management | Group/ organization Community/ population |
Demonstration | Open source Panel presentations |
Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Commitment Confidence in model Communication Consensus Shared language Systems change Improved understanding of role or responsibility Positive results of systems change Efficiency |
| Ager et al., 2015 (Nigeria) [80] | Build a valid model |
Health care/Hospital administration and management | Group/ organization | Demonstration | Open source Stakeholder presentation |
Not mentioned | Insight |
| Van Nistelrooij et al., 2015 (Netherlands) [81] | Build a valid model | Health care/Hospital administration and management | Community/ population | Research | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Insight Confidence in model Consensus Further use of SD methods |
| Macmillan et al., 2014 (New Zealand) [82] | Foster decision making Design/improve implementation |
Infrastructure | Community/ population | Management | Open source | Not mentioned | Insight Communication Consensus |
| Narayana et al., 2014 (India) [83] | Build a valid model |
Pharmaceuticals | Community/ population | Demonstration | Non-open source Written report |
Not mentioned | Insight Consensus Further use of SD methods |
| Biroscak et al., 2014 (United States) [84] | Build a valid model |
Health care/Hospital administration and management | Group/ organization | Demonstration | Non-open source | Not mentioned | Insight |
| Rouwette et al., 2014 (Netherlands) [85] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders |
Crime/violence | Community/ population | Demonstration | Open source Written report |
Yes | Positive reaction Insight Confidence in model Communication Consensus Shared language System change Improved understanding of role or responsibility Positive results of system changes |
| Merrill et al., 2013 (United States) [86] | Build a valid model Foster decision-making Design/improve implementation |
Health care/hospital administration and management | Group/ organization | Demonstration | Open source | Yes | Insight Confidence in model Consensus Efficiency |
| Hernantes et al., 2012 (Spain) [87] | Build a valid model Foster decision making |
Crisis and emergencies Infrastructure |
Community/ population | Management | Open source Website |
Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Confidence in model Communication Consensus Systems thinking skills |
| Goh et al., 2012 (Australia) [88] | Build a valid model |
Occupational health | Group/ organization | Demonstration | Non-open source | Yes | Insight Commitment Confidence in model Systems thinking skills Further use of SD methods Efficiency |
| Bridgewater et al., 2010 (United States) [89] | Build rapport across and among stakeholders Foster decision-making Design/improve implementation |
Crime/violence | Community/ population | Research | Open source | Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Communication Consensus Shared language Systems thinking skills Efficiency |
| Thompson et al., 2010 (United States) [90] | Build a valid model Foster decision making |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Research | Non-open source File copy |
Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Commitmet Confidence in model Behavior change Communication Improved understanding of role or responsibility Systems thinking skills |
| Stave, 2010 (United States) [91] | Build a valid model Design/improve implementation |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Management | Open source Written report Conference presentation Oral presentation File copy |
Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Commitment Confidence in model Behavior change Communication Consensus Shared language Systems thinking skills Further use of SD methods |
| Cavana et al., 2006 (New Zealand) [92] | Build a valid model |
Health care/Hospital administration and management | Community/ population | Management modeling | Non-open source Conference presentation |
Not mentioned | Positive reaction Insight Confidence in model Behavior change Consensus Shared language System change Improved understanding of role or responsibility Further use of SD methods Efficiency |
| Stave, 2002 (United States) [93] | Build a valid model Build rapport across and among stakeholders Foster decision-making Design/improve implementation |
Environmental health | Community/ population | Management | Non-open source Stakeholder presentation |
Yes | Positive reaction Insight Behavior change Communication Consensus Shared language Systems thinking skills Efficiency |