Table 2.

A complete summary of the key data extracted from studies of strengthening exercise intervention.

References	Participants	Interventions modality	Duration	Outcomes	Summary of results
Eckardt (52)	83 (48 women, 35 men) Age 65–80	M-SRT M-URT: followed a similar training program with M-SRT, but with additional unstable devices placed between the participant and the exercise machine or floor, respectively, F-URT using dumbbells	10 weeks	Isometric leg extension strength CRT: muscle power TUGT: proactive balance FRT: proactive balance PRT: reactive balance	Significant improvements for all outcome measures in all intervention groups
Hamed et al. (53)	63 (women and men) Age 65–80	Lower extremity muscle strength using resistance training machines and Thera® bands with different stiffness Perturbation-based dynamic stability on different unstable undergrounds	14 weeks	LoS MoS at release MoS at touchdown BoS at touchdown Maximum voluntary isometric knee extension moment Maximum voluntary isometric ankle plantar flexion moment	- Significant improvements for MoS and knee and ankle momentum in muscle strength group -Significant improvement for LoS, MoS and ankle momentum muscle strength group
Jang and Park (54)	30 (women only) Age ≥ 65	Lower limb muscle strengthening	4 weeks	STST: functional lower limb muscle strength, balance control ability, and fall risk TUGT: functional mobility and dynamic balance ability OLST: static balance YBT: dynamic balance	- Significant differences in STST, OLST and YBT - No significant difference with TUGT
Johnson et al. (46)	30 (16 women, 14 men) Age 68.2 ± 3.7	Eccentric exercise on a specialized eccentric exercise machine	8 weeks	30CST: mobility BBS: holistic assessment of balance SLS-EC:D and SLS-EC:ND: balance FGA: gait TUGT: mobility MES: Maximal eccentric strength	- Significant improvement in for 30SCST, BBS, FGA and TUGT - No significant improvement in SLS-EC:D, SLS-EC:ND and MES
LaStayo et al. (32)	134 (47 men, 87 women) Age ≥ 65	Resistance exercise via negative, eccentrically-induced work (RENEW) Traditional (TRAD) resistance exercise	3 months	6MWT: mobility ABC Scale: self-reported level of balance confidence Leg extensor muscle power Fall and near-fall events (days survived without a fall or near-fall)	-No significant difference between RENEW and TRAD in 6 MWT -No significant difference between RENEW and TRAD in ABC Scale -No significant difference between RENEW and TRAD in leg extensor muscle power -No significant difference between RENEW and TRAD in the number of days survived without fall
Lee and Lee (56)	30 (women only) Age ≥ 65	Closed and open kinetic chain exercises using elastic bands	4 weeks	OLST: static balance FRT: dynamic balance	- Significant difference in OLST and FRT - No significant difference between the two groups
Pourtaghi et al. (59)	70 (48 women, 22 men) Age ≥ 65	Resistance training using Thera-Band	6 weeks	Lower extremity strength (leg press, twin press, front thigh press, back thigh press, and posterior leg press) using a dynamometer	- Significant ↑ in both lower extremities strength

30SCST, 30-Second Chair Stand Test; 6 MWT, 6-Minute Walk Test; ABC, Activities Specific Balance Confidence; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; BoS, Base of support; CRT, chair Rise Test; F-URT, Free-weight Unstable Resistance Training; FGA, Functional Gait Assessment; FRT, Functional Reach Test; LoS, Limits of Stability; M-SRT, Machine-based Stable Resistance Training; M-URT, Machine-based Unstable Resistance Training; MES, Maximal Eccentric Strength; MoS, Margin of Stability; OLST, One Leg Standing Test; PRT, Push and Release Test; SLS-EC,D, Single Leg Stance assessment with Eyes Closed on the Dominant; SLS-EC,ND, Single Leg Stance assessment with Eyes Closed on the Non-Dominant; STST, Sit To Stand Test; TUGT, Timed Up and Go Test; YBT, Y-Balance Test.