Table 3.

A complete summary of the key data extracted from studies of balance exercise intervention.

References	Participants	Interventions modality	Duration	Outcomes	Summary of results
Arghavani et al. (50)	60 (men only) Age 65–80	Perturbation training: catching, throwing, dribbling and passing balls while sitting and standing on stable and unstable surfaces Balance training: standing balance, walking balance and strength training	8 weeks	ABC: balance confidence	- Significant ↑ in Balance confidence in both training programs
Arnold et al. (39)	28 (women and men) Age ≥ 65	Standard balance: progressive strengthening for upper and lower body, 10 to 15 min functional balance exercises Enhanced balance: same as above, with the addition of a progressive core stabilization	9 weeks	STST: balance and postural control MoS: balance and postural control	- Significant improvement in STST for both interventions - No significant improvement in MoS for both interventions
El-Khoury et al. (42)	706 (women only) Age 75–85	Progressive balance training: postural stability, muscle extensibility, joint flexibility, balance, reaction time, coordination, muscle strength and internal sense of spatial orientation	2 years	Rate of serious injurious falls Rate of moderate injurious falls Rate of all falls TUGT: balance, gait, and motor function 6MWT: balance, gait, and motor function 5TSST: balance, gait, and motor function SLST: balance, gait, and motor function	- Significant improvements in all balance and gait tests at one and 2 years
Hamed et al. (53)	63 (women and men) Age 65–80	Lower extremity muscle strength using resistance training machines and Thera® bands with different stiffness Perturbation-based dynamic stability on different unstable undergrounds	14 weeks	LoS MoS at release MoS at touchdown BoS at touchdown Maximum voluntary isometric knee extension moment Maximum voluntary isometric ankle plantar flexion moment	- Significant improvements for MoS and knee and ankle momentum in muscle strength group -Significant improvement for LoS, MoS and ankle momentum muscle strength group
Hirase et al. (43)	93 (65 women, 28 men) Age > 65	Balance training program on a foam rubber pad or on a stable flat surface	4 months	OLST: static balance CST: lower-extremity strength TUGT: dynamic balance TST: static balance	- Significant ↑time (Improvement) in OLST on foam rubber, but not significant in stable surfaces - Significant ↓time (Improvement) in CST and TUGT for both intervention groups - Significant ↑time (Improvement) in TST for both intervention groups
Kocaman et al. (48)	42 (women and men) Age > 65	Posturography balance exercise Square step exercise	8 weeks	Composite balance score: postural control ADT: dynamic balance	- Significant improvements in composite balance score and ADT for both interventions
Okubo et al. (57)	44 (25 women, 19 men) Age 65–90	Reactive balance training	1 week	Fall incidence MoS (cm) Trunk sway range (degree): (postural stability during recovery)	- Significant ↓ in all falls and slip falls, but not significant in trip falls
Rieger et al. (47)	30 (women and men) Age > 65	Treadmill training session with 16 anterior–posterior perturbations	1 week	Local divergence exponent for anterior–posterior: local dynamic stability Local divergence exponent for medio-lateral: local dynamic stability	- Significant differences for all outcome measures in the intervention group
Sadeghi et al. (60)	64 (men only) Age ≥ 65	Balance Training: single-leg stance with eyes open and closed, standing on heels or toes, tandem and semitandem foot stance, tandem walking, walking backward and forward, and weight shifting.	8 weeks	Isokinetic muscle strength of lower limbs was quantified by means of the Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer SLST: balance TST: balance TUGT: functional mobility 10mWT: functional mobility	- No significant difference in muscle strength - Significant ↑ time (Improvement) in SLST -Significant ↑ time (Improvement) in TST - Significant ↓time (Improvement) in TUGT (improvement) - Significant ↓ time (Improvement) in 10mWT
Sitthiracha et al. (62)	60 (53 women, 7 men) Age 65 to 75	Progressive step marching exercise: balance training	8 weeks	TUGT: balance ability OLST: balance ability 5TSST: lower limb muscle strength	- Significant ↓ time (Improvement) in TUGT - No significant improvement in OLST - Significant ↓ time (Improvement) in FTSST - Significant ↑ steps (Improvement) in 2MST
Zhao et al. (64)	61 (42 women, 19 men) Age 65–74	Exercise for Balance Improvement Program, ExBP	16 weeks	FRT: postural control ability (dynamic balance test) m-CTSIB: static balance with compromised vision, vestibular, and somatosensation	- Significant improvement in FRT and m-CTSIB
Zhao et al. (65)	61 (42 women, 19 men) Age 65–74	Exercise for Balance Improvement Program	16 weeks	30SCST: lower extremity muscle strength UG: agility and dynamic balance	- Significant ↑ repetition (Improvement) in 30SCST - Significant ↓ time (Improvement) in UG

5TSST, Five Times Sit to Stand Test; 10mWT, 10-Meter Walk Test; 30SCST, 30-Second Chair Stand Test; 6 MWT, 6-Minute Walk Test; ABC, Activities Specific Balance Confidence; ADT, Adaptation Test; BoS, Base of support; CST, Chair Standing Test; FRT, Functional Reach Test; LoS, Limits of Stability; m-CTSIB, Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Organization and Balance; MoS, Margin of Stability; OLST, One Leg Standing Test; SLST, Single Leg Stance Test; STST, Sit To Stand Test; TST, Tandem Stance Tet; TUGT, Timed Up and Go Test, UG, 8 ft Up-and-Go Test.