Table 3.

A summary of 10 white matter brain regions and their associated functions and concussion-related symptoms.

Brain region	Associated functions	Concussion-related symptoms
Acoustic radiation	• Auditory and language comprehension • Auditory processing deficits • Language processing (left hemisphere)	• Noise sensitivity • Language problems
Callosal body	• Inter-hemispheric connection • Visual • Motor • Visuospatial perception • Information processing speed and ability • Moral reasoning • Tactile and somatosensory perception • Behavior • Higher cognitive functions • Learning bimanual tasks	• Headache • Dizziness • Motor control problems • Feeling “slow” or “foggy” • Difficulty concentrating • Difficulty remembering
Cingulum	• Executive control • Attention • Episodic memory • Pain sensation • Psychiatric disorders • Depression • Anxiety • Psychosis	• Bodily pain • Nervousness • Anxiousness • Trouble falling asleep • Excessive sleep • Loss of sleep • Feeling “slow” or “foggy” • Difficulty remembering
Corticospinal tract	• Voluntary motor control	• Headaches • Balance problems • Motor control problems • Feeling “foggy” • Language problems • Irritability
Fornix	• Episodic memory • Learning capabilities • Attention	• Feeling “slow” or “foggy” • Difficulty concentrating • Difficulty remembering
Inferior occipito-frontal fascicle	• Social cognition • Episodic memory • Attention and multitasking • Behavioral-cognitive flexibility • Executive function • Decision-making • Language • Hearing • Visual conceptualization and recognition	• Visual problems • Feeling “slow” or “foggy” • Difficulty concentrating • Difficulty remembering • Language problems
Optic radiation	• Visual field • Retinal function • Light perception	• Balance problems • Light sensitivity • Visual problems • Motor control problems
Superior longitudinal fasciculus	• Dorsal ° Visuospatial attention (right) ° Motor (bilateral) • Ventral ° Attention and social cognition (right)	• Motor control problems • Feeling “slow” or “foggy” • Difficulty concentrating or remembering • Language problems
	° Language, auditory comprehension, and articulation processing (left)  ° Motor (bilateral) • Posterior° Auditory and visuospatial comprehension (right)° Auditory comprehension, reading, and lexical access (left) • Arcuate fasciculus° Social and visuospatial cognition (right)° Phonological language processing (left)
Superior occipito-frontal fascicle	• Speech • Motor • Language • Sensory • Visual field • Visuospatial cognition • Spatial working memory • Processing speed and simple reaction time	• Balance problems • Visual problems • Light sensitivity • Motor control problems • Feeling “slow” or “foggy” • Difficulty concentrating • Language problems
Uncinate fascicle	• Mood regulation • Emotional expression • Interpreting facial expressions • Learning and memory • Language (left)	• Feeling “slow” or “foggy” • Difficulty concentrating • Difficulty remembering • Confusion