Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review.
| Author, Year | Study design | Study groups (N) | Mean Age (years) | Methods diagnostic | Psychiatric disorders | Gut microbiota | Intervention/follow-up time | Association between Gut microbiota and psychiatric disorders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uemura et al. (2019) | Randomized controlled trial | IG = 22 CG = 22 | 62.0 63.3 |
Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D). Subjective well-being and self- rated health with questions. |
Depressive symptoms Subjective well-being Self-rated health |
Bacteroidota − IG Lactobacillales + IG Bacteroidaceae − IG Streptococcus − IG S. thermophilus + IG Bifidobacterium + IG Veillonella parvula + IG |
Dietary intake. Referring to the Japanese food guide spinning top/ 8 Weeks. |
Streptococcus thermophilus contributed to the improvement of the obesity and depressive symptoms. Increased Bifidobacterium bifidum and Veillonella parvula species contributed to improve physical and psychological indicators. |
| Chen et al. (2021) | Case Control | IG = 62 CG = 46 |
39.5 36.0.9 |
Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) and e Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition’s (DSM-5). | Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) |
Bacteroidota + IG Pseudomonadota + IG Fusobacteria + IG Enterobacteriaceae + IG Tannerellaceae + IG Burkholderiaaceae + IG Campylobacteraceae + IG Corynebacteriaceae + IG Clostridia + IG |
Untreated | HAMD scores were positively correlated with levels of Anaerotruncus, Parabacteroides, and Anaeroglobus. |
| Kang et al. (2017) | Case- Control | IG = 18 CG = 20 |
10.8 11.4 |
Interview ADI-R. General physical health examination. Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) The daily stool records (DSR) The Parent Global Impressions-III (PGI-III) The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale II (VABS-II) |
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) |
Bifidobacterium − IG Prevotella − IG Desulfovibrio − IG |
Microbiota Transfer Therapy (MTT): oral vancomycin, MoviPrep, SHGM y Prilosec./18 Weeks | At the end of MTT, bacterial diversity was increased in children with ASD. Bifidobaterium, Prevotella and Desulfovibrio were increased after MTT in ASD. |
| Stevens et al. (2019) | Randomized Control Trial | IG = 10 CG = 7 |
10.2 9.3 |
The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) The ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS-IV) | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
Bifidobacteriales − IG Actinomycetota − IG − CG Pseudomonadota + IG Bacteroidota + IG + CG Bacillota − IG − CG Collinsella aerofaciens + IG |
Capsules micronutrient/10 Weeks | An increase in Actinomycetota was associated with ADHD –IV − RS. After treatment, a low abundance of Bifidobacterium was associated with a low ADHD-IV-RS score. |
| Márquez-Morales et al. (2021) | Case–Control | IG = 27 CG = 18 |
20.0–25.0 | The SISCO Inventory of Academic Stress. | The academic stress |
Bacteroidota + IG Bacillota + IG + CG Gammapseudomonadota (No differences) |
The fermented beverage with lactic acid bacteria (FBLAB). | Consumption of fermented beverage significantly increased the phyla Bacillota and Bacteroidota and were associated with a reduction in stress-related symptoms |
| Khine et al. (2020) | Randomized Control Trial | IG = 46 CG = 77 |
65.0 67.0 |
The neuropsychological diagnosis A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and battery of standard neuropsychological tests |
Cognitive decline |
Ruminococcus + IG Ruminococcaceae + IG Coprococcus + IG Parabacteroides + IG Enterobacteriaceae − IG Fusobacterium − IG Phascolarctobacterium − IG |
Mindful Awareness Program (MAP) 9 months |
Ruminococcaceae was related with Digit Span Backward; Coprococcus was related with Color Trails Test 2, Digit Span Backward and Block Design. Parabacteroides was related with Digit Span Backward and Semantic Fluency Span. Enterobacteriaceae was negatively associated with Block Design and Semantic Fluency Span. Fusobacterium was negatively correlated with Digit Span Backward and Color Trails Test 2; and Phascolarctobacterium was negatively associated with Memory Domain. |
| Xu et al. (2017) | Case control | IG = 5 CG = 5 |
31.8 32.0 |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) |
Stress Chronic |
Prevotella + IG Paraprevotella − IG Odoribacter − IG Veillonella − IG Ruminococcus − IG |
Untreated | The prevalence of Prevotella was higher in chronic stressed patients. Lower concentrations of Paraprevotella, Odoribacter, Veillonella and Ruminococcus were showed in chronic stressed patients. |
| Leyrolle et al. (2021) | Case control | IG = 42 CG = 59 |
18.0–65.0 | Eating Disorder Diagnostic (Q-EDD). Semi-structured interview conducted. Emotion Regulation abilities (PANAS). Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC). The Scale of positive and negative experience (SPANE). |
Binge Eating Disorder |
Anaerostipes + IG Roseburia + IG Bilophila + IG Bifidobacterium + IG Sutterella − IG Akkermansia − IG Desulfovibrio − IG Intestinimonas − IG |
Untreated | In binge eating disorders, subjects had higher level of Anaerostipes and Roseburia and less Sutterella, Akkermansia, Desulfovibrio and Intestinimonas. |
| Morita et al. (2015) | Case Control | IG = 25 CG = 21 |
30.0 31.5 |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR criteria (DSM-IV-TR) | Anorexia Nervosa |
Clostridium coccoides − IG Clostridium leptum − IG Bacteroides fragilis − IG Streptococcus − IG Lactobacillus − IG |
Untreated | In Anorexia Nervosa there was a decrease in Clostridium coccoides, Clostridium leptum, Bacteroides fragilis, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus taxa. |
| Borgo et al. (2017) | Case Control | IG = 15 CG = 15 |
25.6 24.4 |
Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (EDI-2). State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). |
Anorexia Nervosa |
Pseudomonadota + IG Bacillota − IG Ruminococcaceae − IG Enterobacteriaceae + IG Ruminococcus − IG Roseburia − IG Clostridium − IG |
Daily food (filled in a three-day food record). | The composition of the intestinal microbiota was significantly affected by anorexia status at every taxonomic level. A negative correlation was detected only between BDI depression score and Clostridium genus. |
| Yuan et al. (2022) | Case Control | IG = 30 CG = 30 |
16.0 18.0 |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DMS-V) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) | Anorexia Nervosa |
Lachnospiraceae + IG Enterobacteriaceae + IG Streptococcaceae + IG Coriobacteriaceae + IG Rikenellaceae + IG Ruminococcaceae − IG Bifidobacteriaceae − IG Peptostreptococcaceae -IG Oscillospiraceae − IG Burkholderiaceae − IG |
Untreated | AN patients showed a slight decrease in the richness and diversity. Faecalibacterium and Synergistota were significantly negative correlated with HAMD score. |
| Hemmings et al. (2017) | Case Control | IG = 18 CG = 12 |
42.0 38.7 |
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) |
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). |
Bacillota + IG CG Bacteroidota + IG CG Pseudomonadota + IG CG Actinomycetota − IG Lentisphaerae − IG Verrucomicrobiota − IG |
Untreated | PTSD diagnosis was associated with decreased abundance of these phyla: Actinomycetota, Lentisphaerae and Verrucomicrobiota. Actinomycetota and Verrucomicrobiota were also associated with childhood trauma scores and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). |
| Schwarz et al. (2018) | Case Control | IG = 28 CG = 16 |
25.9 27.8 |
Hallucinations in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale — Extended (BPRS-E). The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Food habits were assessed by questions. Physical activity was assessed using the Gothenburg scale. |
Psychotic episodes |
Lactobacillus − IG Lachnospiraceae + IG Ruminococcaceae + IG Bacteroides + IG Lactobacillaceae + IG Halothiobacillaceae + IG Brucellaceae + IG Micrococcineae + IG Veillonellaceae − IG |
Antipsychotics: Olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine 20 days. |
Lactobacillus taxon correlated positively with severity of psychotic symptoms and negatively with global assessment of functioning. Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroides spp. correlated negatively with global assessment of functioning. |
| Wang et al. (2020) | Case Control | IG = 26 CG = 24 |
4.3 4.5 |
The Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) score prior to and following probiotics + FOS intervention or placebo Supplementation | Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) |
Rikenellaceae + IG Ruminococcus + IG Oscillospira + IG Odoribacter + IG Cetobacterium + IG Victivallales + IG Actinomycetota − IG Bifidobacteriaceae − IG Veillonellaceae − IG B. adolescentis – IG (In comparison with the control group) |
All participants received a Chinese-based diet provided by the hospital. Then children with ASD included in the second stage received probiotics + FOS or placebo. Intervention for 30–108 days. |
Results showed that diversity of the gut microbiota in the ASD group was significantly different from that of the control group. B. longum was reduced in children with autism, other than Clostridium and Ruminococcus, which were increased in children with autism and probiotics +FOS intervention. |
| Kong et al. (2019) | Case Control | IG = 20 CG = 19 |
15.0 29.0 |
Patients had been diagnosed with ASD according to DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) criteria. Lifestyle questionnaires. |
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) |
Bacillota / Bacteroidota + IG Pseudomonadota + IG Bacilli + IG Bacillota/Chloroflexi + IG |
Untreated | Significant Pseudomonadota overgrowth was associated with autism. |
| Wang et al. (2020) | Case Control | IG = 21 CG = 29 |
20.3 29.9 |
The trait anxiety was measured STAI, he Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, The 15-item Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). | Anxiety |
Streptococcus − IG Blautia − IG Romboutsia − IG Escherichia, Shigella − IG Eubacterium hallii group − IG Eggerthella − IG Allorhizobium − IG Neorhizobium − IGPararhizobium − IG Rhizobium − IG |
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) 8 weeks | The intervention reported an increase in the abundance of the Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Blautia, Romboutsia and Eggerthella taxa. |
| Guo et al. (2022) | Case Control | IG = 44 CG = 30 |
35.3 40.2 |
Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA-14), Five Factors Inventory-Neuroticism Subscale (FFI-N), The Chinese version of Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised (IPQ-R), The Twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Chinese Version, CERQ. | Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
Fusobacterium − IG Faecalibacterium − IG Meganomas + IG |
Untreated | Fusobacterium, Megamonas and Veillonella were closely related to anxiety. |
| Tomova et al. (2015) | Case Control | IG = 10 Siblings = 9 CG = 10 |
2–9 5–17 2–11 |
The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI). | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) |
Bacillota − IG Bacteroidota − IG Clostridia Cluster I + IG Desulfovibrio + IG |
Dietary Supplementation of one capsule (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus). Three times a day for 4 months. |
After the probiotic implementation, the taxa Bacillota, Bifidobacterium and Desulfovibrio decreased, whereas Bacteroidota and Lactobacillus increased. |
N, Sample size, IG, Intervention Group, CG, Control Group, + increase, − decrease.