Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with cholangitis.
| Variables | All (n = 506) | Training cohort (n = 354) | Validation cohort (n = 152) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age (year) | 72.92 (60.86∼83.17) | 72.52 (60.93∼82.73) | 74.12 (59.89∼84.67) | 0.477 |
| Gender (n, %) | 0.331 | |||
| Female | 243 (48%) | 165 (46.6%) | 78 (51.3%) | |
| Male | 263 (52%) | 189 (53.4%) | 74 (48.7%) | |
| Vital signs | ||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 71 (63∼84) | 72.5 (63∼85) | 70 (61∼80) | 0.075 |
| MBP (mmHg) | 55 (49∼62) | 55 (49∼62) | 56 (49∼62) | 0.539 |
| Breath rate (breath/min) | 27.75 (24∼32) | 28 (24∼32) | 27 (24∼31) | 0.343 |
| T (°C) | 36.33 (35.89∼36.61) | 36.36 (35.89∼36.61) | 36.31 (36∼36.56) | 0.729 |
| SPO2 (%) | 92.5 (90∼94) | 93 (90∼95) | 92 (90∼94) | 0.197 |
| Prognostic scoring system | ||||
| GCS | 14 (12∼15) | 14 (11∼15) | 14 (13∼15) | 0.622 |
| SOFA | 6.5 (4∼10) | 7 (4∼10) | 6 (4∼9) | 0.448 |
| OASIS | 33 (27∼40) | 33 (28∼41) | 33 (27∼40) | 0.511 |
| SAPS II | 43 (32.75∼52) | 43 (33.75∼52) | 42 (32∼51) | 0.488 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.9 (2.4∼3.3) | 2.85 (2.4∼3.2) | 2.9 (2.5∼3.3) | 0.642 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 25 (16∼40) | 26 (16∼42.25) | 22 (16∼36.75) | 0.125 |
| RDW (%) | 15.3 (14.1∼17.2) | 15.3 (14.28∼17.23) | 15.2 (13.9∼17) | 0.103 |
| AG (mEq/L) | 16 (14∼19) | 17 (14∼20) | 16 (14∼19) | 0.278 |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 21 (18∼23) | 21 (17∼23.25) | 21 (18∼23) | 0.575 |
| AST/ALT | 1.27 (0.85∼1.75) | 1.29 (0.87∼1.75) | 1.23 (0.82∼1.73) | 0.838 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.15 (0.8∼1.8) | 1.2 (0.8∼1.9) | 1.1 (0.8∼1.7) | 0.304 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 138 (111∼188.25) | 139 (112∼189.25) | 136 (109∼186) | 0.7 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 9.87 ± 1.89 | 9.89 ± 1.86 | 9.81 ± 1.95 | 0.684 |
| WBC (109/L) | 10.7 (7∼15.83) | 10.95 (6.98∼16) | 10.25 (7∼15.5) | 0.999 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 197 (132.75∼294) | 194 (130∼288.25) | 209 (139.25∼305.75) | 0.248 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 7.7 (7.2∼8.2) | 7.7 (7.2∼8.3) | 7.7 (7.1∼8.2) | 0.556 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 137 (134∼139) | 137 (133∼139) | 138 (135∼140) | 0.068 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 3.6 (3.3∼4) | 3.7 (3.4∼4) | 3.6 (3.3∼3.9) | 0.241 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 3.8 (2∼7.2) | 3.85 (2∼7.2) | 3.5 (1.8∼7.18) | 0.447 |
| PTT (s) | 31 (27.5∼36.03) | 31 (27.78∼36.1) | 31 (27.33∼35.9) | 0.56 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| CHF (n, %) | 104 (20.6%) | 72 (20.3%) | 32 (21.1%) | 0.855 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease (n, %) | 109 (21.5%) | 77 (21.8%) | 32 (21.1%) | 0.861 |
| Malignant cancer (n, %) | 149 (29.4%) | 103 (29.1%) | 46 (30.2%) | 0.792 |
| Liver disease (n, %) | 125 (24.7%) | 93 (26.3%) | 32 (21.1%) | 0.212 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (n, %) | 37 (7.3%) | 25 (7.1%) | 12 (7.9%) | 0.742 |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 168 (33.2%) | 123 (34.7%) | 45 (29.6%) | 0.26 |
| Sepsis (n, %) | 431 (85.2%) | 302 (85.3%) | 129 (84.9%) | 0.898 |
MBP: mean blood pressure; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; OASIS: oxford acute severity of illness score; SAPS II: simplified acute physiology score II; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; RDW: red blood cell distribution width; AG: anion gap; AST/ALT: aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase; WBC: white blood cell; PTT: partial thromboplastin time; CHF: chronic heart failure.