Table 1.
Multinational, regional and national levels of gabapentinoid consumption in 2008 and 2018 and average annual percentage change
| DDD/TID in 2008 (95%CI)a | DDD/TID in 2018 (95%CI)a | Average annual percentage change (%, 95%CI)b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multinational | 4.17 (2.99, 5.81) | 18.26 (13.54, 24.63) | 17.20 (15.52, 18.91) |
| America (North) | 52.44 (32.79, 83.86) | 124.62 (95.77, 162.16) | 9.04 (6.82, 11.32) |
| Canada | 41.27 (41.25, 41.28) | 108.95 (108.94, 108.97) | 10.59 (9.70, 11.49) |
| United States | 66.63 (66.63, 66.64) | 142.54 (142.53, 142.55) | 7.89 (6.82, 8.97) |
| America (Central and Southern) and the Caribbean | 2.33 (0.90, 6.02) | 7.86 (3.51, 17.58) | 12.92 (9.55, 16.39) |
| Argentina | 2.11 (2.11, 2.11) | 13.90 (13.90, 13.91) | 20.53 (14.57, 26.80) |
| Brazil | 0.52 (0.52, 0.52) | 6.32 (6.32, 6.32) | 26.82 (22.90, 30.86) |
| Chile | 2.11 (2.11, 2.12) | 9.28 (9.27, 9.29) | 17.95 (16.07, 19.85) |
| Colombia | 0.88 (0.87, 0.88) | 1.96 (1.95, 1.96) | 10.48 (7.45, 13.61) |
| Ecuador | 1.95 (1.94, 1.95) | 5.48 (5.47, 5.48) | 10.27 (8.31, 12.28) |
| Mexico | 2.79 (2.79, 2.79) | 4.13 (4.12, 4.13) | 3.84 (1.93, 5.78) |
| Peru | 0.50 (0.50, 0.50) | 2.56 (2.56, 2.56) | 19.06 (16.71, 21.47) |
| Puerto Rico | 50.09 (50.05, 50.13) | 151.23 (151.16, 151.30) | 12.33 (10.51, 14.17) |
| Uruguay | 2.54 (2.53, 2.55) | 15.40 (15.38, 15.42) | 19.16 (12.91, 25.75) |
| Venezuela | 6.79 (6.79, 6.80) | 4.18 (4.18, 4.19) | -3.70 (−11.98, 5.36) |
| Europe (West) | 23.77 (19.12, 29.55) | 50.85 (46.14, 56.05) | 8.15 (6.64, 9.68) |
| Austria | 21.98 (21.96, 21.99) | 60.50 (60.48, 60.53) | 10.41 (8.93, 11.91) |
| Belgium | 13.01 (13.00, 13.02) | 56.26 (56.24, 56.29) | 14.62 (12.07, 17.23) |
| France | 35.47 (35.46, 35.47) | 60.18 (60.17, 60.19) | 5.39 (4.72, 6.07) |
| Germany | 27.85 (27.84, 27.85) | 56.64 (56.63, 56.64) | 6.93 (5.83, 8.04) |
| Luxembourg | 32.51 (32.43, 32.60) | 44.24 (44.15, 44.33) | 3.11 (2.37, 3.87) |
| Netherlands | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 40.54 (40.52, 40.55) | 6.78 (5.39, 8.18) |
| Switzerland | 19.62 (19.61, 19.64) | 42.26 (42.24, 42.28) | 8.11 (7.03, 9.20) |
| Europe (North) | 13.77 (11.03, 17.21) | 54.66 (38.59, 77.43) | 14.78 (12.34, 17.27) |
| Estonia | 2.02 (2.01, 2.03) | 30.00 (29.95, 30.05) | 29.97 (27.75, 32.23) |
| Finland | 43.56 (43.53, 43.59) | 82.83 (82.79, 82.87) | 5.73 (4.61, 6.87) |
| Ireland | 28.73 (28.70, 28.75) | 85.54 (85.50, 85.58) | 13.75 (10.33, 17.27) |
| Latvia | 4.16 (4.15, 4.18) | 26.39 (26.36, 26.43) | 21.02 (19.53, 22.53) |
| Lithuania | 3.47 (3.46, 3.48) | 20.12 (20.09, 20.15) | 19.49 (16.96, 22.07) |
| Norway | 34.30 (34.27, 34.33) | 66.32 (66.28, 66.36) | 6.82 (6.07, 7.57) |
| Sweden | 33.98 (33.96, 34.00) | 76.67 (76.64, 76.70) | 7.99 (7.35, 8.62) |
| United Kingdom | 30.46 (30.45, 30.46) | 138.88 (138.86, 138.89) | 16.99 (14.83, 19.19) |
| Europe (South) | 16.40 (10.55, 25.48) | 27.10 (18.20, 40.34) | 14.91 (10.92, 19.05) |
| Bosnia And Herzegovina | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 5.33 (5.32, 5.35) | 35.56 (27.42, 44.22) |
| Croatia | 3.16 (3.15, 3.17) | 13.82 (13.80, 13.83) | 15.53 (12.92, 18.21) |
| Greece | 22.48 (22.47, 22.50) | 46.34 (46.32, 46.36) | 6.44 (5.24, 7.65) |
| Italy | 14.92 (14.91, 14.92) | 28.82 (28.81, 28.82) | 6.64 (5.64, 7.65) |
| Portugal | 31.22 (31.21, 31.24) | 51.52 (51.50, 51.55) | 5.10 (3.82, 6.40) |
| Serbia | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 19.56 (19.54, 19.57) | 57.97 (48.8, 67.70) |
| Slovenia | 15.31 (15.28, 15.34) | 40.00 (39.95, 40.04) | 10.06 (9.17, 10.95) |
| Spain | 38.35 (38.34, 38.36) | 73.28 (73.27, 73.29) | 6.17 (4.91, 7.44) |
| Europe (East) | 1.76 (0.70, 4.42) | 14.88 (7.27, 30.44) | 23.77 (17.06, 30.86) |
| Belarus | 0.06 (0.06, 0.06) | 1.87 (1.86, 1.87) | 35.74 (30.09, 41.63) |
| Bulgaria | 1.05 (1.05, 1.06) | 13.77 (13.76, 13.79) | 24.48 (18.37, 30.90) |
| Czech Republic | 11.42 (11.41, 11.43) | 60.55 (60.52, 60.57) | 17.84 (16.42, 19.27) |
| Hungary | 7.21 (7.20, 7.22) | 21.51 (21.49, 21.52) | 11.43 (9.05, 13.87) |
| Poland | 1.51 (1.51, 1.51) | 16.80 (16.79, 16.80) | 26.34 (19.72, 33.32) |
| Romania | 3.11 (3.10, 3.11) | 16.37 (16.36, 16.37) | 15.43 (12.31, 18.64) |
| Russia | 0.29 (0.29, 0.29) | 5.05 (5.05, 5.05) | 32.16 (11.78, 56.24) |
| Slovakia | 14.11 (14.10, 14.13) | 51.63 (51.59, 51.66) | 12.87 (9.87, 15.94) |
| Oceania | 11.27 (8.69, 14.61) | 68.88 (37.14, 127.72) | 19.89 (13.70, 26.43) |
| Australia | 12.86 (12.86, 12.87) | 94.38 (94.36, 94.40) | 26.67 (21.30, 32.27) |
| New Zealand | 9.87 (9.85, 9.88) | 50.26 (50.23, 50.29) | 16.61 (15.77, 17.45) |
| Asia (East) | 0.63 (0.10, 4.18) | 7.74 (1.31, 45.89) | 28.51 (18.86, 38.94) |
| China | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | 0.44 (0.44, 0.44) | 45.23 (36.07, 55.00) |
| Japan | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | 41.32 (41.32, 41.33) | 45.79 (28.56, 65.32) |
| South Korea | 9.48 (9.47, 9.48) | 30.99 (30.99, 31.00) | 12.12 (11.07, 13.17) |
| Taiwan | 1.75 (1.75, 1.75) | 6.41 (6.41, 6.42) | 15.08 (13.02, 17.18) |
| Asia (Central) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.05) | 20.45 (−0.53, 45.85) |
| Kazakhstan | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.05) | 18.37 (11.16, 26.05) |
| Asia (West) | 3.12 (1.38, 7.06) | 15.73 (6.40, 38.69) | 17.57 (10.53, 25.06) |
| Jordan | 1.27 (1.26, 1.27) | 6.51 (6.50, 6.52) | 24.09 (17.99, 30.51) |
| Kuwait | 1.18 (1.17, 1.18) | 32.25 (32.22, 32.28) | 40.64 (34.36, 47.22) |
| Lebanon | 4.02 (4.01, 4.03) | 15.69 (15.67, 15.70) | 13.02 (10.93, 15.15) |
| Saudi Arabia | 3.62 (3.61, 3.62) | 11.36 (11.35, 11.36) | 16.57 (11.01, 22.40) |
| Türkiye | 13.87 (13.86, 13.87) | 60.98 (60.97, 60.99) | 15.81 (13.63, 18.04) |
| United Arab Emirates | 3.10 (3.09, 3.11) | 6.64 (6.63, 6.65) | 6.55 (−0.91, 14.57) |
| Asia (South-east) | 0.53 (0.53, 0.53) | 3.84 (0.67, 22.12) | 14.70 (9.50, 20.00) |
| Philippines | 0.53 (0.53, 0.53) | 1.57 (1.57, 1.58) | 10.40 (9.50, 11.40) |
| Thailand | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 9.39 (9.38, 9.39) | 16.50 (12.00, 21.20) |
| Asia (South) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 4.53 (3.54, 5.78) | 15.56 (12.19, 19.03) |
| India | 1.15 (1.15, 1.15) | 5.13 (5.13, 5.13) | 14.83 (12.63, 17.08) |
| Pakistan | 0.97 (0.97, 0.97) | 3.99 (3.99, 3.99) | 13.21 (11.07, 15.39) |
| Africa (North) | 0.68 (0.41, 1.14) | 14.77 (8.49, 25.70) | 35.91 (26.17, 46.41) |
| Algeria | 0.71 (0.71, 0.71) | 29.44 (29.43, 29.44) | 36.74 (27.43, 46.72) |
| Egypt | 1.06 (1.06, 1.07) | 39.54 (39.54, 39.55) | 39.14 (35.14, 43.27) |
| Morocco | 0.24 (0.23, 0.24) | 2.01 (2.01, 2.01) | 20.52 (17.94, 23.16) |
| Tunisia | 1.22 (1.22, 1.23) | 20.33 (20.31, 20.34) | 24.68 (18.90, 30.74) |
| Africa (South) | 1.16 (1.16, 1.16) | 3.74 (3.74, 3.74) | 12.42 (6.35, 18.85) |
| South Africa | 1.16 (1.16, 1.16) | 3.74 (3.74, 3.74) | 10.88 (8.73, 13.07) |
CI confidence interval, DDD/TID defined daily dose per 10,000 inhabitants per day.
aWorldwide and regional estimates with 95% CI were calculated by pooling the estimates using meta-analysis (random-effects model).
bThe average annual percentage change is calculated using a linear regression model, with log-transformed consumption in DDD/TID as the dependent variable and year as the independent variable. The average annual change was expressed as average annual percentage change, calculated by [exp(the coefficient of the year variable) – 1] × 100%. The multinational and regional trend changes were estimated using linear mixed models, controlling for within-country correlations and assuming the correlations between years were autocorrelated.