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. 2023 Aug 17;14:4997. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40719-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Phylogenetic tree of non-redundant MAGs representing 132 species-level phylogroups differing by at least 95% average nucleotide identity (ANI) based on concatenated amino acid (AA) sequences of 120 marker genes. Representative MAGs of 25 phylogroups had <60% of marker genes AA sequence identified and were not included in the tree. Gray nodes indicate a bootstrap value >80. The tree is rooted by midpoint and annotated by the GC content and genome size of the representative MAGs. b Compositional tensor factorization (CTF) analysis showing microbiome composition trajectories over gestational ages separated by pregnancy outcomes using the top two ordination axes (Component 1 and Component 2). Each dot represents a subject. c Component 1 in the CTF analysis compared between sPTB and TB. Box, IQR; line, median; whiskers, 1.5*IQR; p, two-sided Mann-Whitney. d Feature rankings of phylogroups colored by preterm birth (sPTB) and term birth (TB) based on Component 1 in the CTF analysis. e Log ratio of top and bottom taxa from (d) over time, separated to PTB and TB samples. Line, mean; shaded area, 95% CI.