Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the entire cohort.
| Non-occlusion group (n=113) | Occlusion group (n=75) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male | 55 (48.7) | 37 (49.3) | 0.92 | ||
| Age (years) | 67.3±8.7 | 65.0±7.8 | 0.06 | ||
| Heart disease etiologies | |||||
| Rheumatic disease | 28 (24.8) | 25 (33.3) | 0.20 | ||
| Degenerative | 26 (23.0) | 8 (10.7) | 0.03 | ||
| Functional | 57 (50.4) | 45 (60.0) | 0.20 | ||
| Others | 6 (5.3) | 2 (2.7) | 0.48 | ||
| Concomitant operations with maze procedure | |||||
| Mitral valve replacement | 24 (21.2) | 17 (22.7) | 0.82 | ||
| Mitral valve repair | 47 (51.6) | 26 (34.7) | 0.34 | ||
| Tricuspid annuloplasty | 59 (52.2) | 41 (54.7) | 0.74 | ||
| Aortic valve replacement | 21 (18.6) | 4 (5.3) | 0.01 | ||
| Aortic valve plasty | 4 (3.5) | 2 (2.7) | >0.99 | ||
| Coronary artery bypass grafting | 17 (15.0) | 3 (4.0) | 0.02 | ||
| Aortic replacement | 6 (5.3) | 1 (1.3) | 0.25 | ||
| Atrial septal defect repair | 14 (12.4) | 7 (9.3) | 0.52 | ||
| Myxoma removal | 3 (2.7) | 0 | 0.28 | ||
| AF profiles | |||||
| Fine (<1 mm) AF wave | 59 (52.2) | 43 (57.3) | 0.49 | ||
| AF type | 0.44 | ||||
| Persistent | 69 (61.1) | 50 (66.7) | |||
| Paroxysmal | 44 (38.9) | 25 (33.3) | |||
| Heart failure | 24 (21.2) | 22 (29.3) | 0.21 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 12 (10.6) | 8 (10.7) | 0.99 | ||
| Cerebral infarction | 16 (14.2) | 18 (24) | 0.09 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 24 (21.2) | 17 (22.7) | 0.82 | ||
| Aortic disease | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.3) | >0.99 | ||
| Hypertension | 53 (46.9) | 31 (41.3) | 0.45 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2 (1.8) | 2 (2.7) | 0.66 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (2.7) | 4 (5.3) | 0.44 | ||
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 2.7±1.7 | 2.7±1.7 | 0.98 | ||
| Pre-operative TTE | |||||
| EF (%) | 55.3±11.5 | 55.4±12.0 | 0.99 | ||
| LAD (cm) | 3.1±3.6 | 5.6±1.0 | 0.27 | ||
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 110.9±57.6 | 13.6±66.3 | 0.78 | ||
| LVVI (mL/m2) | 67.2±32.4 | 57.9±26.1 | 0.05 | ||
Data are presented as number (%) or the mean±standard deviation. Significant p values are shown in italics. Left atrial volume index and left ventricular volume index were measured using left atrial or ventricular volume acquired by Simpson’s method from a 4-chamber apical view, indexed to the body surface area.
AF = atrial fibrillation; EF = ejection fraction; LAA = left atrial appendage; LAD = left anterior descending artery; LAVI = left atrial volume index; LVVI = left ventricular volume index; TTE = transthoracic echocardiography.